The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.2.1.31     
Accepted name: L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NAD(P)H + H+ (overall reaction)
(1a) (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O (spontaneous)
(1b) (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ + 2 H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram of lysine catabolism, click here and for diagram of L-Lysine synthesis, click here
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
L-1-piperideine 6-carboxylate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate = (S)-1,6-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; α-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; α-aminoadipate reductase; 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; L-α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde oxidoreductase; L-α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase; L-α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase; L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde:NAD(P)+ 6-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate:NAD(P)+ 6-oxidoreductase
Comments: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate undergoes a spontaneous dehydration forming the cyclic (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate, which serves as a substrate for the hydrogenation reaction.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9067-87-2
References:
1.  Calvert, A.F. and Rodwell, V.W. Metabolism of pipecolic acid in a Pseudomonas species. 3. L-α-Aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 409–414. [PMID: 4285660]
2.  Rodwell, V.W. Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid and α-aminoadipic acid δ-semialdehyde. Method Enzymol 17B (1971) 188–199.
3.  de La Fuente, J.L., Rumbero, A., Martin, J.F. and Liras, P. Δ-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase, a new enzyme that forms α-aminoadipate in Streptomyces clavuligerus and other cephamycin C-producing actinomycetes. Biochem. J. 327 (1997) 59–64. [PMID: 9355735]
4.  Fujii, T., Narita, T., Agematu, H., Agata, N. and Isshiki, K. Cloning and characterization of pcd encoding Δ’-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase from Flavobacterium lutescens IFO3084. J. Biochem. 128 (2000) 975–982. [PMID: 11098140]
[EC 1.2.1.31 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.95     
Accepted name: L-2-aminoadipate reductase
Reaction: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADP+ + AMP + diphosphate = L-2-aminoadipate + NADPH + H+ + ATP (overall reaction)
(1a) L-2-aminoadipyl-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + AMP + diphosphate = L-2-aminoadipate + holo-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + ATP
(1b) (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + holo-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + NADP+ = L-2-aminoadipyl-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + NADPH + H+
Glossary: L-2-aminoadipate = (2S)-2-aminohexanedioate
Other name(s): LYS2; α-aminoadipate reductase
Systematic name: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (ATP-forming)
Comments: This enzyme, characterized from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, catalyses the reduction of L-2-aminoadipate to (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate during L-lysine biosynthesis. An adenylation domain activates the substrate at the expense of ATP hydrolysis, and forms L-2-aminoadipate adenylate, which is attached to a peptidyl-carrier protein (PCP) domain. Binding of NADPH results in reductive cleavage of the acyl-S-enzyme intermediate, releasing (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate. Different from EC 1.2.1.31, L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which catalyses a similar transformation in the opposite direction without ATP hydrolysis.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Ehmann, D.E., Gehring, A.M. and Walsh, C.T. Lysine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mechanism of α-aminoadipate reductase (Lys2) involves posttranslational phosphopantetheinylation by Lys5. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 6171–6177. [DOI] [PMID: 10320345]
[EC 1.2.1.95 created 2015]
 
 
EC 1.4.1.18     
Accepted name: lysine 6-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-lysine + NAD+ = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + NADH + H+ + NH3 (overall reaction)
(1a) L-lysine + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADH + H+ + NH3
(1b) (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O (spontaneous)
For diagram of reaction, click here and for diagram of L-lysine synthesis, click here
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
L-1-piperideine 6-carboxylate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate = (S)-1,6-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): L-lysine ε-dehydrogenase; L-lysine 6-dehydrogenase; LysDH
Systematic name: L-lysine:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: The enzyme is highly specific for L-lysine as substrate, although S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine can act as a substrate, but more slowly. While the enzyme from Agrobacterium tumefaciens can use only NAD+, that from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus can also use NADP+, but more slowly [1,4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 89400-30-6
References:
1.  Misono, H. and Nagasaki, S. Occurrence of L-lysine ε-dehydrogenase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 150 (1982) 398–401. [PMID: 6801024]
2.  Misono, H., Uehigashi, H., Morimoto, E. and Nagasaki, S. Purification and properties of L-lysine ε-dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49 (1985) 2253–2255.
3.  Misono, H., Hashimoto, H., Uehigashi, H., Nagata, S. and Nagasaki, S. Properties of L-lysine ε-dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 105 (1989) 1002–1008. [PMID: 2768207]
4.  Heydari, M., Ohshima, T., Nunoura-Kominato, N. and Sakuraba, H. Highly stable L-lysine 6-dehydrogenase from the thermophile Geobacillus stearothermophilus isolated from a Japanese hot spring: characterization, gene cloning and sequencing, and expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 937–942. [DOI] [PMID: 14766574]
[EC 1.4.1.18 created 1989, modified 2006, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.4.3.13     
Accepted name: protein-lysine 6-oxidase
Reaction: [protein]-L-lysine + O2 + H2O = [protein]-(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NH3 + H2O2
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-allysine
Other name(s): lysyl oxidase
Systematic name: protein-L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Also acts on protein 5-hydroxylysine. This enzyme catalyses the final known enzymic step required for collagen and elastin cross-linking in the biosynthesis of normal mature extracellular matrices [4]. These reactions play an important role for the development, elasticity and extensibility of connective tissue. The enzyme is also active on free amines, such as cadaverine or benzylamine [4,5]. Some isoforms can also use [protein]-N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine as substrate deacetamidating the substrate [6].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 99676-44-5
References:
1.  Harris, E.D., Gonnerman, W.A., Savage, J.E. and O'Dell, B.L. Connective tissue amine oxidase. II. Purification and partial characterization of lysyl oxidase from chick aorta. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 341 (1974) 332–344. [DOI] [PMID: 4838158]
2.  Rayton, J.K. and Harris, E.D. Induction of lysyl oxidase with copper. Properties of an in vitro system. J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 621–626. [PMID: 33171]
3.  Stassen, F.L.H. Properties of highly purified lysyl oxidase from embryonic chick cartilage. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438 (1976) 49–60. [DOI] [PMID: 7318]
4.  Palamakumbura, A.H. and Trackman, P.C. A fluorometric assay for detection of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity in biological samples. Anal. Biochem. 300 (2002) 245–251. [DOI] [PMID: 11779117]
5.  Kagan, H.M., Williams, M.A., Williamson, P.R. and Anderson, J.M. Influence of sequence and charge on the specificity of lysyl oxidase toward protein and synthetic peptide substrates. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 11203–11207. [PMID: 6147351]
6.  Rodriguez, H.M., Vaysberg, M., Mikels, A., McCauley, S., Velayo, A.C., Garcia, C. and Smith, V. Modulation of lysyl oxidase-like 2 enzymatic activity by an allosteric antibody inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 20964–20974. [DOI] [PMID: 20439985]
7.  Kim, Y.M., Kim, E.C. and Kim, Y. The human lysyl oxidase-like 2 protein functions as an amine oxidase toward collagen and elastin. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38 (2011) 145–149. [DOI] [PMID: 20306300]
8.  Xu, L., Go, E.P., Finney, J., Moon, H., Lantz, M., Rebecchi, K., Desaire, H. and Mure, M. Post-translational modifications of recombinant human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (rhLOXL2) secreted from Drosophila S2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013) 5357–5363. [DOI] [PMID: 23319596]
9.  Ma, L., Huang, C., Wang, X.J., Xin, D.E., Wang, L.S., Zou, Q.C., Zhang, Y.S., Tan, M.D., Wang, Y.M., Zhao, T.C., Chatterjee, D., Altura, R.A., Wang, C., Xu, Y.S., Yang, J.H., Fan, Y.S., Han, B.H., Si, J., Zhang, X., Cheng, J., Chang, Z. and Chin, Y.E. Lysyl oxidase 3 is a dual-specificity enzyme involved in STAT3 deacetylation and deacetylimination modulation. Mol. Cell 65 (2017) 296–309. [PMID: 28065600]
[EC 1.4.3.13 created 1980, modified 1983]
 
 
EC 1.4.3.20     
Accepted name: L-lysine 6-oxidase
Reaction: L-lysine + O2 + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + H2O2 + NH3
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): L-lysine-ε-oxidase; Lod; LodA; marinocine
Systematic name: L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating)
Comments: Differs from EC 1.4.3.13, protein-lysine 6-oxidase, by using free L-lysine rather than the protein-bound form. N2-Acetyl-L-lysine is also a substrate, but N6-acetyl-L-lysine, which has an acetyl group at position 6, is not a substrate. Also acts on L-ornithine, D-lysine and 4-hydroxy-L-lysine, but more slowly. The amines cadaverine and putrescine are not substrates [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 1116448-48-6
References:
1.  Lucas-Elío, P., Gómez, D., Solano, F. and Sanchez-Amat, A. The antimicrobial activity of marinocine, synthesized by Marinomonas mediterranea, is due to hydrogen peroxide generated by its lysine oxidase activity. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 2493–2501. [DOI] [PMID: 16547036]
2.  Gómez, D., Lucas-Elío, P., Sanchez-Amat, A. and Solano, F. A novel type of lysine oxidase: L-lysine-ε-oxidase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1764 (2006) 1577–1585. [DOI] [PMID: 17030025]
[EC 1.4.3.20 created 2006, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.5.1.9     
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming)
Reaction: N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADH + H+
Glossary: saccharopine = N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine
(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glutamate-forming); saccharopin dehydrogenase; NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde and glutamate forming); aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase; 6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Systematic name: N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Comments: The activities of this enzyme along with EC 1.5.1.8, saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming), occur on a single protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37256-26-1
References:
1.  Hutzler, J. and Dancis, J. Conversion of lysine to saccharopine by human tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 158 (1968) 62–69. [DOI] [PMID: 4385118]
2.  Markovitz, P.J., Chuang, D.T. and Cox, R.P. Familial hyperlysinemias. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase with lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 11643–11646. [PMID: 6434529]
[EC 1.5.1.9 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.5.1.10     
Accepted name: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming)
Reaction: N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NADP+ + H2O = L-glutamate + (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADPH + H+
Glossary: L-saccharopine = N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine
(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, glutamate-forming) dehydrogenase; aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamic reductase; aminoadipate semialdehyde-glutamate reductase; aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase; ε-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD+(P) oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipate-semialdehyde forming); saccharopine reductase; 6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Systematic name: N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9033-55-0
References:
1.  Jones, E.E. and Broquist, H.P. Saccharopine, an intermediate of the aminoadipic acid pathway of lysine biosynthesis. 3. Aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 3430–3434. [PMID: 4380448]
[EC 1.5.1.10 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.7     
Accepted name: L-pipecolate oxidase
Reaction: L-pipecolate + O2 = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O2
Glossary: L-1-piperideine 6-carboxylate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate = (S)-1,6-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate
(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): pipecolate oxidase; L-pipecolic acid oxidase
Systematic name: L-pipecolate:oxygen 1,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product reacts with water to form (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 81669-65-0
References:
1.  Baginsky, B.L. and Rodwell, V.W. Metabolism of pipecolic acid in a Pseudomonas species. V. Pipecolate oxidase and dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 94 (1967) 1034–1039. [PMID: 6051341]
2.  Kinzel, J.J. and Bhattacharjee, J.K. Lysine biosynthesis in Rhodotorula glutinis: properties of pipecolic acid oxidase. J. Bacteriol. 151 (1982) 1073–1077. [PMID: 6809728]
[EC 1.5.3.7 created 1986, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.18     
Accepted name: L-saccharopine oxidase
Reaction: N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + H2O + O2 = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate + H2O2
Glossary: L-saccharopine = N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine
(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): FAP2
Systematic name: L-saccharopine:oxygen oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in pipecolic acid biosynthesis. A flavoprotein (FAD).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yoshida, N., Akazawa, S., Katsuragi, T. and Tani, Y. Characterization of two fructosyl-amino acid oxidase homologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 97 (2004) 278–280. [DOI] [PMID: 16233628]
2.  Wickwire, B.M., Wagner, C. and Broquist, H.P. Pipecolic acid biosynthesis in Rhizoctonia leguminicola. II. Saccharopine oxidase: a unique flavin enzyme involved in pipecolic acid biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 14748–14753. [PMID: 2394693]
[EC 1.5.3.18 created 2011]
 
 
EC 1.5.99.3     
Accepted name: L-pipecolate dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-pipecolate + acceptor = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
L-1-piperideine 6-carboxylate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate = (S)-1,6-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): L-pipecolate:(acceptor) 1,6-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: L-pipecolate:acceptor 1,6-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product reacts with water to form (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9076-63-5
References:
1.  Baginsky, B.L. and Rodwell, V.W. Metabolism of pipecolic acid in a Pseudomonas species. V. Pipecolate oxidase and dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 94 (1967) 1034–1039. [PMID: 6051341]
[EC 1.5.99.3 created 1972, modified 1986, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 2.6.1.36     
Accepted name: L-lysine 6-transaminase
Reaction: L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
L-1-piperideine 6-carboxylate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate = (S)-1,6-didehydropiperidine-2-carboxylate
Other name(s): lysine 6-aminotransferase; lysine ε-aminotransferase; lysine ε-transaminase; lysine:2-ketoglutarate 6-aminotransferase; L-lysine-α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase; L-lysine-α-ketoglutarate 6-aminotransferase
Systematic name: L-lysine:2-oxoglutarate 6-aminotransferase
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. The product (L-allysine) is converted into the intramolecularly dehydrated form, (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9054-68-6
References:
1.  Soda, K., Misono, H. and Yamamoto, T. L-Lysine:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. I. Identification of a product, δ-1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid. Biochemistry 7 (1968) 4102–4109. [PMID: 5722275]
2.  Soda, K. and Misono, H. L-Lysine: α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. II. Purification, crystallization, and properties. Biochemistry 7 (1968) 4110–4119. [PMID: 5722276]
[EC 2.6.1.36 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 2.6.1.71     
Accepted name: lysine—pyruvate 6-transaminase
Reaction: L-lysine + pyruvate = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + L-alanine
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): lysine-pyruvate aminotransferase; Lys-AT
Systematic name: L-lysine:pyruvate aminotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 114189-79-6
References:
1.  Schmidt, H., Bode, R. and Birnbaum, D. A novel enzyme, L-lysine : pyruvate aminotransferase, catalyses the first step of lysine catabolism in Pichia guilliermondii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 49 (1988) 203–206.
[EC 2.6.1.71 created 1990, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 2.6.1.105     
Accepted name: lysine—8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase
Reaction: L-lysine + 8-amino-7-oxononanoate = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + 7,8-diaminononanoate
Glossary: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate = L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde = L-allysine
Other name(s): DAPA aminotransferase (ambiguous); bioA (gene name) (ambiguous); bioK (gene name)
Systematic name: L-lysine:8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase
Comments: A pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzyme [2]. Participates in the pathway for biotin biosynthesis. The enzyme from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis cannot use S-adenosyl-L-methionine as amino donor and catalyses an alternative reaction for the conversion of 8-amino-7-oxononanoate to 7,8-diaminononanoate (cf. EC 2.6.1.62, adenosylmethionine—8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Van Arsdell, S.W., Perkins, J.B., Yocum, R.R., Luan, L., Howitt, C.L., Chatterjee, N.P. and Pero, J.G. Removing a bottleneck in the Bacillus subtilis biotin pathway: bioA utilizes lysine rather than S-adenosylmethionine as the amino donor in the KAPA-to-DAPA reaction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 91 (2005) 75–83. [DOI] [PMID: 15880481]
2.  Dey, S., Lane, J.M., Lee, R.E., Rubin, E.J. and Sacchettini, J.C. Structural characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis biotin biosynthesis enzymes 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid synthase and dethiobiotin synthetase. Biochemistry 49 (2010) 6746–6760. [DOI] [PMID: 20565114]
[EC 2.6.1.105 created 2014]
 
 
EC 2.6.1.121     
Accepted name: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate carboxylating dehydrogenase
Reaction: (8S)-8-amino-7-oxononanoate + [protein]-L-lysine + CO2 = (7R,8S)-8-amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate + [protein]-(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate (overall reaction)
(1a) (8S)-8-amino-7-oxononanoate + [protein]-L-lysine + NAD(P)H + H+ = [protein]-N6-[(2S,3R)-2-amino-8-carboxyoctan-3-yl]-L-lysine + H2O + NAD(P)+
(1b) [protein]-N6-[(2S,3R)-2-amino-8-carboxyoctan-3-yl]-L-lysine + CO2 + H2O + NAD(P)+ = (7R,8S)-8-amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate + [protein]-(S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
Other name(s): bioU (gene name)
Systematic name: (8S)-8-amino-7-oxononanoate:[protein]-L-lysine aminotransferase (N-carboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme, which participates in biotin biosynthesis, is found in haloarchaea and some cyanobacteria. It forms a conjugant between (7R,8S)-8-amino-7-oxononanoate and an internal lysine residue and catalyses multiple reactions, including a reduction, a carboxylation of the ε-amino group of the lysine residue, and an oxidative cleavage of the conjugate to release (7R,8S)-8-amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate. During this process the lysine residue serves as an amino donor and is converted to (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate, resulting in inactivation of the enzyme following a single turnover. cf. EC 2.6.1.105, lysine—8-amino-7-oxononanoate transaminase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Sakaki, K., Ohishi, K., Shimizu, T., Kobayashi, I., Mori, N., Matsuda, K., Tomita, T., Watanabe, H., Tanaka, K., Kuzuyama, T. and Nishiyama, M. A suicide enzyme catalyzes multiple reactions for biotin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Nat. Chem. Biol. 16 (2020) 415–422. [DOI] [PMID: 32042199]
[EC 2.6.1.121 created 2021]
 
 
EC 4.2.3.134     
Accepted name: 5-phosphooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase
Reaction: (5R)-5-phosphooxy-L-lysine + H2O = (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NH3 + phosphate
Other name(s): 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine ammoniophospholyase; AGXT2L2 (gene name); (5R)-5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phosphate-lyase (deaminating; (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate-forming); 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine phospho-lyase
Systematic name: (5R)-5-phosphooxy-L-lysine phosphate-lyase (deaminating; (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate-forming)
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. Has no activity with phosphoethanolamine (cf. EC 4.2.3.2, ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Tsai, C.H. and Henderson, L.M. Degradation of O-phosphohydroxylysine by rat liver. Purification of the phospho-lyase. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 5784–5789. [PMID: 4412716]
2.  Veiga-da-Cunha, M., Hadi, F., Balligand, T., Stroobant, V. and Van Schaftingen, E. Molecular identification of hydroxylysine kinase and of ammoniophospholyases acting on 5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine and phosphoethanolamine. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 7246–7255. [DOI] [PMID: 22241472]
[EC 4.2.3.134 created 2012]
 
 


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