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2.8.3.20

Accepted name:

succinyl-CoA—D-citramalate CoA-transferase

Reaction:

(1) succinyl-CoA + (R)-citramalate = succinate + (R)-citramalyl-CoA
(2) succinyl-CoA + (R)-malate = succinate + (R)-malyl-CoA

Glossary:

(R)-citramalate = (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanedioate
(R)-malate = (2R)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(R)-malyl-CoA = (3R)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

Sct

Systematic name:

succinyl-CoA:(R)-citramalate CoA-transferase

Comments:

The enzyme, purified from the bacterium Clostridium tetanomorphum, can also accept itaconate as acceptor, with lower efficiency.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc

References:

1.	Friedmann, S., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. Properties of succinyl-coenzyme A:D-citramalate coenzyme A transferase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 6460–6468. [DOI] [PMID: 16952935]

[EC 2.8.3.20 created 2014]

2.8.3.22

Accepted name:

succinyl-CoA—L-malate CoA-transferase

Reaction:

(1) succinyl-CoA + (S)-malate = succinate + (S)-malyl-CoA
(2) succinyl-CoA + (S)-citramalate = succinate + (S)-citramalyl-CoA

For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here

Glossary:

(S)-citramalate = (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanedioate
(S)-malate = (2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(S)-malyl-CoA = (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

SmtAB

Systematic name:

succinyl-CoA:(S)-malate CoA-transferase

Comments:

The enzyme, purified from the bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, can also accept itaconate as acceptor, with lower efficiency. It is part of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle for carbon assimilation.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc

References:

1.	Friedmann, S., Steindorf, A., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. Properties of succinyl-coenzyme A:L-malate coenzyme A transferase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 2646–2655. [DOI] [PMID: 16547052]

[EC 2.8.3.22 created 2014]

3.1.2.4

Accepted name:

3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase

Reaction:

3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H₂O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate

Other name(s):

3-hydroxy-isobutyryl CoA hydrolase; HIB CoA deacylase

Systematic name:

3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA hydrolase

Comments:

Also hydrolyses 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9025-88-1

References:

1.	Rendina, G. and Coon, M.J. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the coenzyme A thiol esters of β-hydroxypropionic and β-hydroxyisobutyric acids. J. Biol. Chem. 225 (1957) 523–534. [PMID: 13457352]

[EC 3.1.2.4 created 1961]

3.1.2.30

Accepted name:

(3S)-malyl-CoA thioesterase

Reaction:

(S)-malyl-CoA + H₂O = (S)-malate + CoA

Glossary:

(S)-malate = (2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioate
(S)-malyl-CoA = (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

mcl2 (gene name)

Systematic name:

(S)-malyl-CoA hydrolase

Comments:

Stimulated by Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺. The enzyme has no activity with (2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA (cf. EC 4.1.3.24, malyl-CoA lyase) or other CoA esters.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB

References:

Erb, T.J., Frerichs-Revermann, L., Fuchs, G. and Alber, B.E. The apparent malate synthase activity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is due to two paralogous enzymes, (3S)-malyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/β-methylmalyl-CoA lyase and (3S)-malyl-CoA thioesterase. J. Bacteriol. 192 (2010) 1249–1258. [DOI] [PMID: 20047909]

[EC 3.1.2.30 created 2014]

4.1.3.24

Accepted name:

malyl-CoA lyase

Reaction:

(1) (S)-malyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate
(2) (2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA = propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate

For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here

Glossary:

(S)-malyl-CoA = (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA
(2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA = L-erythro-β-methylmalyl-CoA = (2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

malyl-coenzyme A lyase; (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA glyoxylate-lyase; mclA (gene name); mcl1 (gene name); (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA glyoxylate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming); L-malyl-CoA lyase

Systematic name:

(S)-malyl-CoA glyoxylate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming)

Comments:

The enzymes from Rhodobacter species catalyse a step in the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway for acetate assimilation [3,5]. The enzyme from halophilic bacteria participate in the methylaspartate cycle and catalyse the reaction in the direction of malyl-CoA formation [6]. The enzyme from the bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, which participates in the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle for carbon assimilation, also has the activity of EC 4.1.3.25, (3S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase [2,4].

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37290-67-8

References:

1.	Tuboi, S. and Kikuchi, G. Enzymic cleavage of malyl-Coenzyme A into acetyl-Coenzyme A and glyoxylic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 96 (1965) 148–153. [DOI] [PMID: 14285256]
2.	Herter, S., Busch, A. and Fuchs, G. L-Malyl-coenzyme A lyase/β-methylmalyl-coenzyme A lyase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a bifunctional enzyme involved in autotrophic CO₂ fixation. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 5999–6006. [DOI] [PMID: 12374834]
3.	Meister, M., Saum, S., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. L-Malyl-coenzyme A/β-methylmalyl-coenzyme A lyase is involved in acetate assimilation of the isocitrate lyase-negative bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 1415–1425. [DOI] [PMID: 15687206]
4.	Friedmann, S., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. Properties of R-citramalyl-coenzyme A lyase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 2906–2914. [DOI] [PMID: 17259315]
5.	Erb, T.J., Frerichs-Revermann, L., Fuchs, G. and Alber, B.E. The apparent malate synthase activity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is due to two paralogous enzymes, (3S)-malyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/β-methylmalyl-CoA lyase and (3S)-malyl-CoA thioesterase. J. Bacteriol. 192 (2010) 1249–1258. [DOI] [PMID: 20047909]
6.	Borjian, F., Han, J., Hou, J., Xiang, H., Zarzycki, J. and Berg, I.A. Malate Synthase and β-Methylmalyl Coenzyme A Lyase Reactions in the Methylaspartate Cycle in Haloarcula hispanica. J. Bacteriol. 199 (2017) . [DOI] [PMID: 27920298]

[EC 4.1.3.24 created 1972, modified 2014]

4.2.1.116

Accepted name:

3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase

Reaction:

3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H₂O

For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here and for diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle and dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle in archaea, click here

Glossary:

acryloyl-CoA = acrylyl-CoA
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA

Other name(s):

3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA hydro-lyase; 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA dehydratase

Systematic name:

3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase

Comments:

Catalyses a step in the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle, an autotrophic CO₂ fixation pathway found in some thermoacidophilic archaea [1]. The enzyme from Metallosphaera sedula acts nearly equally as well on (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA but not (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA [2].

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB

References:

1.	Berg, I.A., Kockelkorn, D., Buckel, W. and Fuchs, G. A 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation pathway in Archaea. Science 318 (2007) 1782–1786. [DOI] [PMID: 18079405]
2.	Teufel, R., Kung, J.W., Kockelkorn, D., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. 3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A dehydratase and acryloyl-coenzyme A reductase, enzymes of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in the Sulfolobales. J. Bacteriol. 191 (2009) 4572–4581. [DOI] [PMID: 19429610]

[EC 4.2.1.116 created 2009]

4.2.1.148

Accepted name:

2-methylfumaryl-CoA hydratase

Reaction:

(2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA = 2-methylfumaryl-CoA + H₂O

For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here

Glossary:

(2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA = L-erythro-β-methylmalyl-CoA = (2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA
2-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxy-2-methylprop-2-enoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

Mcd; erythro-β-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolyase; mesaconyl-coenzyme A hydratase (ambiguous); mesaconyl-C₁-CoA hydratase

Systematic name:

(2R,3S)-2-methylmalyl-CoA hydro-lyase (2-methylfumaryl-CoA-forming)

Comments:

The enzyme from the bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus is part of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle for carbon assimilation.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB

References:

1.	Zarzycki, J., Schlichting, A., Strychalsky, N., Muller, M., Alber, B.E. and Fuchs, G. Mesaconyl-coenzyme A hydratase, a new enzyme of two central carbon metabolic pathways in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 1366–1374. [DOI] [PMID: 18065535]

[EC 4.2.1.148 created 2014]

6.2.1.36

Accepted name:

3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthase

Reaction:

3-hydroxypropanoate + ATP + CoA = 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here and for diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle and dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle in archaea, click here

Glossary:

3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA = 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA

Other name(s):

3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthetase (AMP-forming); 3-hydroxypropionate—CoA ligase

Systematic name:

hydroxypropanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Comments:

Catalyses a step in the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle, an autotrophic CO₂ fixation pathway found in some thermoacidophilic archaea [1,2].The enzymes from Metallosphaera sedula and Sulfolobus tokodaii can also use propionate, acrylate, acetate, and butanoate as substrates [2], and are thus different from EC 6.2.1.17 (propionate—CoA ligase), which does not accept acetate or butanoate.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc

References:

1.	Berg, I.A., Kockelkorn, D., Buckel, W. and Fuchs, G. A 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation pathway in Archaea. Science 318 (2007) 1782–1786. [DOI] [PMID: 18079405]
2.	Alber, B.E., Kung, J.W. and Fuchs, G. 3-Hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A synthetase from Metallosphaera sedula, an enzyme involved in autotrophic CO₂ fixation. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 1383–1389. [DOI] [PMID: 18165310]

[EC 6.2.1.36 created 2009]