The Enzyme Database

Displaying entries 51-96 of 96.

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EC 2.7.7.82     
Accepted name: CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthase
Reaction: CTP + N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate = CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate + diphosphate
For diagram of legionaminic acid biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: legionaminate = 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonate
Other name(s): CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthetase; neuA (gene name); legF (gene name)
Systematic name: CTP:N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: Isolated from the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni. Involved in biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a sialic acid-like derivative that is incorporated into virulence-associated cell surface glycoconjugates which may include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsular polysaccharide, pili and flagella.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272–3282. [DOI] [PMID: 18275154]
2.  Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715–725. [DOI] [PMID: 19282391]
[EC 2.7.7.82 created 2012]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.90     
Accepted name: 8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase
Reaction: CTP + 8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate
Other name(s): kdsB (gene name, ambiguous)
Systematic name: CTP:8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, acts on the 8-aminated from of 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo). cf. EC 2.7.7.38, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Gattis, S.G., Chung, H.S., Trent, M.S. and Raetz, C.R. The origin of 8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo8N) in the lipopolysaccharide of Shewanella oneidensis. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013) 9216–9225. [DOI] [PMID: 23413030]
[EC 2.7.7.90 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.92     
Accepted name: 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonate cytidylyltransferase
Reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonate
Systematic name: CTP:3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the biosynthesis pathway of the sialic acid 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonate (Kdn). Kdn is abundant in extracellular glycoconjugates of lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibians, but is also found in the capsular polysaccharides of bacteria that belong to the Bacteroides genus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Terada, T., Kitazume, S., Kitajima, K., Inoue, S., Ito, F., Troy, F.A. and Inoue, Y. Synthesis of CMP-deaminoneuraminic acid (CMP-KDN) using the CTP:CMP-3-deoxynonulosonate cytidylyltransferase from rainbow trout testis. Identification and characterization of a CMP-KDN synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 2640–2648. [PMID: 8381411]
2.  Terada, T., Kitajima, K., Inoue, S., Koppert, K., Brossmer, R. and Inoue, Y. Substrate specificity of rainbow trout testis CMP-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid (CMP-Kdn) synthetase: kinetic studies of the reaction of natural and synthetic analogues of nonulosonic acid catalyzed by CMP-Kdn synthetase. Eur. J. Biochem. 236 (1996) 852–855. [DOI] [PMID: 8665905]
3.  Nakata, D., Munster, A.K., Gerardy-Schahn, R., Aoki, N., Matsuda, T. and Kitajima, K. Molecular cloning of a unique CMP-sialic acid synthetase that effectively utilizes both deaminoneuraminic acid (KDN) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as substrates. Glycobiology 11 (2001) 685–692. [DOI] [PMID: 11479279]
4.  Tiralongo, J., Fujita, A., Sato, C., Kitajima, K., Lehmann, F., Oschlies, M., Gerardy-Schahn, R. and Munster-Kuhnel, A.K. The rainbow trout CMP-sialic acid synthetase utilises a nuclear localization signal different from that identified in the mouse enzyme. Glycobiology 17 (2007) 945–954. [DOI] [PMID: 17580313]
5.  Wang, L., Lu, Z., Allen, K.N., Mariano, P.S. and Dunaway-Mariano, D. Human symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron synthesizes 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN). Chem. Biol. 15 (2008) 893–897. [DOI] [PMID: 18804026]
[EC 2.7.7.92 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.93     
Accepted name: phosphonoformate cytidylyltransferase
Reaction: CTP + phosphonoformate = CMP-5′-phosphonoformate + diphosphate
Other name(s): phpF (gene name)
Systematic name: CTP:phosphonoformate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Streptomyces viridochromogenes, participates in the biosynthesis of the herbicide antibiotic bialaphos. The enzyme from the bacterium Kitasatospora phosalacinea participates in the biosynthesis of the related compound phosalacine. Both compounds contain the nonproteinogenic amino acid L-phosphinothricin that acts as a potent inhibitor of EC 6.3.1.2, glutamine synthetase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Blodgett, J.A., Thomas, P.M., Li, G., Velasquez, J.E., van der Donk, W.A., Kelleher, N.L. and Metcalf, W.W. Unusual transformations in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic phosphinothricin tripeptide. Nat. Chem. Biol. 3 (2007) 480–485. [DOI] [PMID: 17632514]
[EC 2.7.7.93 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.107     
Accepted name: (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate cytidylyltransferase
Reaction: CTP + (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate = diphosphate + CMP-(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate
Other name(s): pntC (gene name)
Systematic name: CTP:(2-aminoethyl)phosphonate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: This bacterial enzyme activates (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate for incorporation into cell wall phosphonoglycans and phosphonolipids, much like EC 2.7.7.15, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, activates phosphocholine for the same purpose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Rice, K., Batul, K., Whiteside, J., Kelso, J., Papinski, M., Schmidt, E., Pratasouskaya, A., Wang, D., Sullivan, R., Bartlett, C., Weadge, J.T., Van der Kamp, M.W., Moreno-Hagelsieb, G., Suits, M.D. and Horsman, G.P. The predominance of nucleotidyl activation in bacterial phosphonate biosynthesis. Nat. Commun. 10:3698 (2019). [DOI] [PMID: 31420548]
[EC 2.7.7.107 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.1     
Accepted name: ethanolaminephosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine
Other name(s): EPT; diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase; CDPethanolamine diglyceride phosphotransferase; phosphorylethanolamine-glyceride transferase; CDP-ethanolamine:1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase
Systematic name: CDP-ethanolamine:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9026-19-1
References:
1.  Kennedy, E.P. and Weiss, S.B. The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J. Biol. Chem. 222 (1956) 193–214. [PMID: 13366993]
[EC 2.7.8.1 created 1961]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.2     
Accepted name: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine
Other name(s): phosphorylcholine-glyceride transferase; alkylacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; cholinephosphotransferase; CPT (ambiguous); alkylacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase; diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase; 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-m-glycerol:CDPcholine choline phosphotransferase; CDP-choline diglyceride phosphotransferase; cytidine diphosphocholine glyceride transferase; cytidine diphosphorylcholine diglyceride transferase; phosphocholine diacylglyceroltransferase; sn-1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase; CDP choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase
Systematic name: CDP-choline:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase
Comments: 1-Alkyl-2-acylglycerol can act as acceptor; this activity was previously listed separately.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9026-13-5
References:
1.  Coleman, R. and Bell, R.M. Phospholipid synthesis in isolated fat cells. Studies of microsomal diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase and diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 252 (1977) 3050–3056. [PMID: 192727]
2.  Lee, T.-C., Blank, M.L., Fitzgerald, V. and Snyder, F. Formation of alkylacyl- and diacylglycerophosphocholines via diradylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase in rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 713 (1982) 479–483. [DOI] [PMID: 6295501]
3.  Parsasarathy, S., Cady, R.K., Kraushaar, D.S., Sladek, N.E. and Baumann, W.J. Inhibition of diacylglycerol:CDPcholine cholinephosphotransferase activity by dimethylaminoethyl p-chlorophenoxyacetate. Lipids 13 (1978) 161–164. [DOI] [PMID: 204847]
4.  Renooij, W. and Snyder, F. Biosynthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor and a hypotensive lipid) by cholinephosphotransferase in various rat tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 663 (1981) 545–556. [DOI] [PMID: 6260215]
[EC 2.7.8.2 created 1961, modified 1986 (EC 2.7.8.16 created 1983, incorporated 1986)]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.3     
Accepted name: ceramide cholinephosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-choline + a ceramide = CMP + sphingomyelin
Glossary: a ceramide = an N-acylsphingosine
Other name(s): phosphorylcholine-ceramide transferase
Systematic name: CDP-choline:N-acylsphingosine cholinephosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9026-14-6
References:
1.  Kennedy, E.P. Phosphorylcholine-glyceride transferase. Methods Enzymol. 5 (1962) 484–486.
2.  Sribney, M. and Kennedy, E.P. The enzymatic synthesis of sphingomyelin. J. Biol. Chem. 233 (1958) 1315–1322. [PMID: 13610834]
[EC 2.7.8.3 created 1965]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.4     
Accepted name: serine-phosphoethanolamine synthase
Reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + L-serine = CMP + L-serine-phosphoethanolamine
Other name(s): serine ethanolamine phosphate synthetase; serine ethanolamine phosphodiester synthase; serine ethanolaminephosphotransferase; serine-phosphinico-ethanolamine synthase; serinephosphoethanolamine synthase
Systematic name: CDP-ethanolamine:L-serine ethanolamine phosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9023-23-8
References:
1.  Allen, A.K. and Rosenberg, H. The mechanism of action and some properties of serine ethanolamine phosphate synthetase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 151 (1968) 504–519. [DOI] [PMID: 5636380]
[EC 2.7.8.4 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.5     
Accepted name: CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 1-phosphatidyltransferase
Reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CMP + 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Other name(s): glycerophosphate phosphatidyltransferase; 3-phosphatidyl-1′-glycerol-3′-phosphate synthase; CDPdiacylglycerol:glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase; cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-diglyceride):sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase; phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase; phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase; PGP synthase; CDP-diacylglycerol-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diacylglycerol:sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase; glycerol phosphate phosphatidyltransferase; glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase; phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase; phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthetase; phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatidyltransferase
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)transferase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the committed step in the biosynthesis of acidic phospholipids known by the common names phophatidylglycerols and cardiolipins.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9068-49-9
References:
1.  Hirabayashi, T. Larson, T.J. and Dowhan, W. Membrane-associated phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli: Purification by substrate affinity chromatography on cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol sepharose. Biochemistry 15 (1976) 5205–5211. [PMID: 793612]
2.  Bleasdale, J.E. and Johnston, J.M. CMP-dependent incorporation of [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate into phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate by rabbit lung microsomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 710 (1982) 377–390. [DOI] [PMID: 7074121]
3.  Dowhan, W. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 209 (1992) 313–321. [DOI] [PMID: 1323047]
4.  Kawasaki, K., Kuge, O., Chang, S.C., Heacock, P.N., Rho, M., Suzuki, K., Nishijima, M. and Dowhan, W. Isolation of a chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cDNA encoding phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) synthase, expression of which corrects the mitochondrial abnormalities of a PGP synthase-defective mutant of CHO-K1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 1828–1834. [DOI] [PMID: 9880566]
5.  Muller, F. and Frentzen, M. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthases from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 509 (2001) 298–302. [DOI] [PMID: 11741606]
6.  Babiychuk, E., Muller, F., Eubel, H., Braun, H.P., Frentzen, M. and Kushnir, S. Arabidopsis phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase 1 is essential for chloroplast differentiation, but is dispensable for mitochondrial function. Plant J. 33 (2003) 899–909. [DOI] [PMID: 12609031]
[EC 2.7.8.5 created 1972, modified 1976, modified 2016]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.8     
Accepted name: CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase
Reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + L-serine = CMP + (3-sn-phosphatidyl)-L-serine
Other name(s): phosphatidylserine synthase; CDPdiglyceride-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase; PS synthase; cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDPdiglyceride):L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase; phosphatidylserine synthetase; CDP-diacylglycerol-L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase; cytidine diphosphoglyceride-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diglyceride-L-serine phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diglyceride:serine phosphatidyltransferase; cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diacylglycerol:L-serine 3-O-phosphatidyltransferase
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol:L-serine 3-sn-phosphatidyltransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9068-48-8
References:
1.  Larson, T.J. and Dowhan, W. Ribosomal-associated phosphatidylserine synthetase from Escherichia coli: purification by substrate-specific elution from phosphocellulose using cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. Biochemistry 15 (1976) 5212–5218. [PMID: 187212]
2.  Raetz, C.R.H. and Kennedy, E.P. Partial purification and properties of phosphatidylserine synthetase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 5038–5045. [PMID: 4604873]
[EC 2.7.8.8 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.10     
Accepted name: sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-choline + sphingosine = CMP + sphingosyl-phosphocholine
Other name(s): CDP-choline-sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase; phosphorylcholine-sphingosine transferase; cytidine diphosphocholine-sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase; sphingosine choline phosphotransferase
Systematic name: CDP-choline:sphingosine cholinephosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9027-12-7
References:
1.  Fujino, Y., Nigishi, T. and Ito, S. Enzymic synthesis of sphingosylphosphorylcholine. Biochem. J. 109 (1968) 310–311. [PMID: 5679375]
[EC 2.7.8.10 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.11     
Accepted name: CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
Reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + myo-inositol = CMP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol
For diagram of 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol metabolism, click here
Glossary: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = PtdIns
Other name(s): CDP-diglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase; phosphatidylinositol synthase; CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase; cytidine 5′-diphospho-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol:myo-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-DG:inositol transferase; cytidine diphosphodiglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diacylglycerol:myo-inositol-3-phosphatidyltransferase; CDP-diglyceride-inositol transferase; cytidine diphosphoglyceride-inositol phosphatidyltransferase; cytidine diphosphoglyceride-inositol transferase
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol:myo-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9027-01-4
References:
1.  Bleasdale, J.E., Wallis, P., MacDonald, P.C. and Johnston, J.M. Characterization of the forward and reverse reactions catalyzed by CDP-diacylglycerol:inositol transferase in rabbit lung tissue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 575 (1979) 135–147. [DOI] [PMID: 41587]
2.  Prottey, C. and Hawthorne, J.N. The biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol in mammalian pancreas. Biochem. J. 105 (1967) 379–392. [PMID: 4293959]
3.  Salway, J.G., Harewood, J.L., Kai, M., White, G.L. and Hawthorne, J.N. Enzymes of phosphoinositide metabolism during rat brain development. J. Neurochem. 15 (1968) 221–226. [DOI] [PMID: 4295616]
4.  Takenawa, T. and Egawa, K. CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase from rat liver. Purification and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 252 (1977) 5419–5423. [PMID: 18462]
[EC 2.7.8.11 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.12     
Accepted name: teichoic acid poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerase
Reaction: n CDP-glycerol + 4-O-[(2R)-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = n CMP + 4-O-{poly[(2R)-glycerophospho]-(2R)-glycerophospho}-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): teichoic-acid synthase; cytidine diphosphoglycerol glycerophosphotransferase; poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerase; teichoic acid glycerol transferase; glycerophosphate synthetase; CGPTase; CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase (ambiguous); Tag polymerase; CDP-glycerol:poly(glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase; tagF (gene name); tarF (gene name) (ambiguous)
Systematic name: CDP-glycerol:4-O-[(2R)-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol glycerophosphotransferase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of poly glycerol phosphate teichoic acids in bacterial cell walls. This enzyme adds 30–50 glycerol units to the linker molecule, but only after it has been primed with the first glycerol unit by EC 2.7.8.44, teichoic acid poly(glycerol phosphate) primase. cf. EC 2.7.8.45, teichoic acid glycerol-phosphate transferase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9076-71-5
References:
1.  Burger, M.M. and Glaser, L. The synthesis of teichoic acids. I. Polyglycerophosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 3168–3177. [PMID: 14245357]
2.  Schertzer, J.W. and Brown, E.D. Purified, recombinant TagF protein from Bacillus subtilis 168 catalyzes the polymerization of glycerol phosphate onto a membrane acceptor in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 18002–18007. [DOI] [PMID: 12637499]
3.  Schertzer, J.W., Bhavsar, A.P. and Brown, E.D. Two conserved histidine residues are critical to the function of the TagF-like family of enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 36683–36690. [DOI] [PMID: 16141206]
4.  Pereira, M.P., Schertzer, J.W., D'Elia, M.A., Koteva, K.P., Hughes, D.W., Wright, G.D. and Brown, E.D. The wall teichoic acid polymerase TagF efficiently synthesizes poly(glycerol phosphate) on the TagB product lipid III. ChemBioChem 9 (2008) 1385–1390. [DOI] [PMID: 18465758]
5.  Sewell, E.W., Pereira, M.P. and Brown, E.D. The wall teichoic acid polymerase TagF is non-processive in vitro and amenable to study using steady state kinetic analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 21132–21138. [DOI] [PMID: 19520862]
6.  Lovering, A.L., Lin, L.Y., Sewell, E.W., Spreter, T., Brown, E.D. and Strynadka, N.C. Structure of the bacterial teichoic acid polymerase TagF provides insights into membrane association and catalysis. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17 (2010) 582–589. [DOI] [PMID: 20400947]
7.  Brown, S., Meredith, T., Swoboda, J. and Walker, S. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis W23 make polyribitol wall teichoic acids using different enzymatic pathways. Chem. Biol. 17 (2010) 1101–1110. [DOI] [PMID: 21035733]
[EC 2.7.8.12 created 1972, modified 1982, modified 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.14     
Accepted name: CDP-ribitol ribitolphosphotransferase
Reaction: n CDP-ribitol + 4-O-di[(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = n CMP + 4-O-(D-ribitylphospho)n-di[(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): teichoic-acid synthase (ambiguous); polyribitol phosphate synthetase (ambiguous); teichoate synthetase (ambiguous); poly(ribitol phosphate) synthetase (ambiguous); polyribitol phosphate polymerase (ambiguous); teichoate synthase (ambiguous); CDP-ribitol:poly(ribitol phosphate) ribitolphosphotransferase
Systematic name: CDP-ribitol:4-O-di[(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol ribitolphosphotransferase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of poly ribitol phosphate teichoic acids in the cell wall of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme adds around 40 ribitol units to the linker molecule.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9076-71-5
References:
1.  Ishimoto, N. and Strominger, J.L. Polyribitol phosphate synthetase of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 639–650. [PMID: 5908130]
2.  Brown, S., Zhang, Y.H. and Walker, S. A revised pathway proposed for Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid biosynthesis based on in vitro reconstitution of the intracellular steps. Chem. Biol. 15 (2008) 12–21. [DOI] [PMID: 18215769]
3.  Pereira, M.P., D'Elia, M.A., Troczynska, J. and Brown, E.D. Duplication of teichoic acid biosynthetic genes in Staphylococcus aureus leads to functionally redundant poly(ribitol phosphate) polymerases. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 5642–5649. [DOI] [PMID: 18556787]
4.  Brown, S., Meredith, T., Swoboda, J. and Walker, S. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis W23 make polyribitol wall teichoic acids using different enzymatic pathways. Chem. Biol. 17 (2010) 1101–1110. [DOI] [PMID: 21035733]
[EC 2.7.8.14 created 1972 as EC 2.4.1.55, transferred 1982 to EC 2.7.8.14, modified 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.22     
Accepted name: 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-choline + 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol = CMP + plasmenylcholine
Other name(s): CDP-choline-1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerol phosphocholinetransferase
Systematic name: CDP-choline:1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 113066-36-7
References:
1.  Wientzek, M., Man, R.Y.K. and Choy, P.C. Choline glycerophospholipid biosynthesis in the guinea pig heart. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 65 (1987) 860–868. [PMID: 3447597]
[EC 2.7.8.22 created 1990]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.24     
Accepted name: phosphatidylcholine synthase
Reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + choline = CMP + phosphatidylcholine
Other name(s): CDP-diglyceride-choline O-phosphatidyltransferase
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol:choline O-phosphatidyltransferase
Comments: Requires divalent cations, with Mn2+ being more effective than Mg2+.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 243666-86-6
References:
1.  de Rudder, K.E.E., Sohlenkamp, C. and Geiger, O. Plant-exudated choline is used for rhizobial membrane lipid biosynthesis by phosphatidylcholine synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 20011–20016. [DOI] [PMID: 10391951]
2.  Sohlenkamp, C., de Rudder, K.E.E., Röhrs, V., López-Lara, I.M. and Geiger, O. Cloning and characterization of the gene for phosphatidylcholine synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 18919–18925. [DOI] [PMID: 10858449]
[EC 2.7.8.24 created 2001]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.34     
Accepted name: CDP-L-myo-inositol myo-inositolphosphotransferase
Reaction: CDP-1L-myo-inositol + 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = CMP + bis(1L-myo-inositol) 3,1′-phosphate 1-phosphate
For diagram of bis(1L-myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Other name(s): CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS)); DIPPS (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS))
Systematic name: CDP-1L-myo-inositol:1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate myo-inositolphosphotransferase
Comments: In many organisms this activity is catalysed by a bifunctional enzyme. The di-myo-inositol-1,3′-phosphate-1′-phosphate synthase domain of the bifunctional EC 2.7.7.74/EC 2.7.8.34 (CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase) uses only 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate as an alcohol acceptor, but CDP-glycerol, as well as CDP-1L-myo-inositol and CDP-D-myo-inositol, are recognized as alcohol donors. The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of bis(1L-myo-inositol) 1,3-phosphate, a widespread organic solute in microorganisms adapted to hot environments.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Rodrigues, M.V., Borges, N., Henriques, M., Lamosa, P., Ventura, R., Fernandes, C., Empadinhas, N., Maycock, C., da Costa, M.S. and Santos, H. Bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase, the key enzyme for di-myo-inositol-phosphate synthesis in several (hyper)thermophiles. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 5405–5412. [DOI] [PMID: 17526717]
[EC 2.7.8.34 created 2011]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.38     
Accepted name: archaetidylserine synthase
Reaction: (1) CDP-2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol + L-serine = CMP + 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-1-phospho-L-serine
(2) CDP-2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol + L-serine = CMP + 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-1-phospho-L-serine
For diagram of archaetidylserine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: CDP-2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol = CDP-unsaturated archaeol
2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-1-phospho-L-serine = unsaturated archaetidylserine
CDP-2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol = CDP archaeol
2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-1-phospho-L-serine = archaetidylserine
Systematic name: CDP-2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol:L-serine 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Mn2+. Isolated from the archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Morii, H. and Koga, Y. CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-archaetidyltransferase (archaetidylserine synthase) in the methanogenic archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. J. Bacteriol. 185 (2003) 1181–1189. [DOI] [PMID: 12562787]
[EC 2.7.8.38 created 2013, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.39     
Accepted name: archaetidylinositol phosphate synthase
Reaction: CDP-2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol + 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = CMP + 1-archaetidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Glossary: 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
CDP-2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol = CDP-2,3-di-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol = CDP-archaeol
1-archaetidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate = archaetidyl-myo-inositol 1-phosphate
Other name(s): AIP synthase
Systematic name: CDP-2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycerol:1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate 1-sn-archaetidyltransferase
Comments: Requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for activity. The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of archaetidyl-myo-inositol, a compound essential for glycolipid biosynthesis in archaea.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Morii, H., Kiyonari, S., Ishino, Y. and Koga, Y. A novel biosynthetic pathway of archaetidyl-myo-inositol via archaetidyl-myo-inositol phosphate from CDP-archaeol and D-glucose 6-phosphate in methanoarchaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus cells. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 30766–30774. [DOI] [PMID: 19740749]
[EC 2.7.8.39 created 2013]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.41     
Accepted name: cardiolipin synthase (CMP-forming)
Reaction: a CDP-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidylglycerol = a cardiolipin + CMP
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol:phosphatidylglycerol diacylglycerolphosphotransferase (CMP-forming)
Comments: The eukaryotic enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin. It requires divalent cations for activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Schlame, M. and Hostetler, K.Y. Solubilization, purification, and characterization of cardiolipin synthase from rat liver mitochondria. Demonstration of its phospholipid requirement. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 22398–22403. [PMID: 1657995]
2.  Nowicki, M., Muller, F. and Frentzen, M. Cardiolipin synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 579 (2005) 2161–2165. [DOI] [PMID: 15811335]
3.  Houtkooper, R.H., Akbari, H., van Lenthe, H., Kulik, W., Wanders, R.J., Frentzen, M. and Vaz, F.M. Identification and characterization of human cardiolipin synthase. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 3059–3064. [DOI] [PMID: 16678169]
4.  Sandoval-Calderon, M., Geiger, O., Guan, Z., Barona-Gomez, F. and Sohlenkamp, C. A eukaryote-like cardiolipin synthase is present in Streptomyces coelicolor and in most actinobacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 17383–17390. [DOI] [PMID: 19439403]
[EC 2.7.8.41 created 2014]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.46     
Accepted name: teichoic acid ribitol-phosphate primase
Reaction: CDP-ribitol + 4-O-[(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = CMP + 4-O-[1-D-ribitylphospho-(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): Tar primase; tarK (gene name)
Systematic name: CDP-ribitol:4-O-[(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol ribitylphosphotransferase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acid linkage units in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis W23. This enzyme adds the first ribitol unit to the disaccharide linker of the teichoic acid.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Brown, S., Meredith, T., Swoboda, J. and Walker, S. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis W23 make polyribitol wall teichoic acids using different enzymatic pathways. Chem. Biol. 17 (2010) 1101–1110. [DOI] [PMID: 21035733]
[EC 2.7.8.46 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.47     
Accepted name: teichoic acid ribitol-phosphate polymerase
Reaction: n CDP-ribitol + 4-O-[1-D-ribitylphospho-(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = n CMP + 4-O-[(1-D-ribitylphospho)n-(1-D-ribitylphospho)-(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): Tar polymerase (ambiguous); tarL (gene name) (ambiguous)
Systematic name: CDP-ribitol:4-O-[1-D-ribitylphospho-(2R)-1-glycerophospho]-N-acetyl-β-D-mannosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol ribitolphosphotransferase
Comments: Involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acid linkage units in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis W23. This enzyme adds the 25-35 ribitol units to the linker molecule.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Brown, S., Meredith, T., Swoboda, J. and Walker, S. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis W23 make polyribitol wall teichoic acids using different enzymatic pathways. Chem. Biol. 17 (2010) 1101–1110. [DOI] [PMID: 21035733]
[EC 2.7.8.47 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.48     
Accepted name: ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase
Reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = a ceramide phosphorylethanolamine + CMP
Other name(s): Cpes (gene name); CPE synthase
Systematic name: CDP-ethanolamine:ceramide phosphoethanolaminyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, studied from the fly Drosophila melanogaster, has homologues among the invertebrates, but not in other animal phyla. Its product, ceramide phosphoethanolamine, is synthesized as the main sphingolipid in cell membranes of arthropods, such as Drosophila and Musca, and is common in worms, bees, spiders, and scorpions. It has also been reported in deep-sea mussels and some sea snails, as well as protozoans and oomycetes. The enzyme requires a Mn(II) cofactor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Vacaru, A.M., Tafesse, F.G., Ternes, P., Kondylis, V., Hermansson, M., Brouwers, J.F., Somerharju, P., Rabouille, C. and Holthuis, J.C. Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein SMSr controls ceramide homeostasis in the ER. J. Cell Biol. 185 (2009) 1013–1027. [DOI] [PMID: 19506037]
2.  Vacaru, A.M., van den Dikkenberg, J., Ternes, P. and Holthuis, J.C. Ceramide phosphoethanolamine biosynthesis in Drosophila is mediated by a unique ethanolamine phosphotransferase in the Golgi lumen. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013) 11520–11530. [DOI] [PMID: 23449981]
[EC 2.7.8.48 created 2022]
 
 
EC 3.1.1.93     
Accepted name: mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide esterase
Reaction: mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide + H2O = mycophenolate + D-glucuronate
Glossary: mycophenolate = (4E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoate
mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide = 1-O-[(4E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoyl]-β-D-glucopyranuronic acid
Other name(s): mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide deglucuronidase; AcMPAG deglucuronidase
Systematic name: mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide-ester hydrolase
Comments: This liver enzyme deglucuronidates mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide, a metabolite of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate that is thought to be immunotoxic.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Iwamura, A., Fukami, T., Higuchi, R., Nakajima, M. and Yokoi, T. Human α/β hydrolase domain containing 10 (ABHD10) is responsible enzyme for deglucuronidation of mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide in liver. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 9240–9249. [DOI] [PMID: 22294686]
[EC 3.1.1.93 created 2012]
 
 
EC 3.1.3.35     
Accepted name: thymidylate 5′-phosphatase
Reaction: thymidylate + H2O = thymidine + phosphate
Other name(s): thymidylate 5′-nucleotidase; deoxythymidylate 5′-nucleotidase; thymidylate nucleotidase; deoxythymidylic 5′-nucleotidase; deoxythymidylate phosphohydrolase; dTMPase
Systematic name: thymidylate 5′-phosphohydrolase
Comments: Acts on 5-methyl-dCMP and on TMP, but more slowly than on dTMP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9026-80-6
References:
1.  Aposhian, H.V. and Tremblay, G.Y. Deoxythymidylate 5′-nucleotidase. Purification and properties of an enzyme found after infection of Bacillus subtilis with phage SP5C. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 5095–5101. [PMID: 4958986]
[EC 3.1.3.35 created 1972]
 
 
EC 3.1.3.91     
Accepted name: 7-methylguanosine nucleotidase
Reaction: (1) N7-methyl-GMP + H2O = N7-methyl-guanosine + phosphate
(2) CMP + H2O = cytidine + phosphate
Other name(s): cytosolic nucleotidase III-like; cNIII-like; N7-methylguanylate 5′-phosphatase
Systematic name: N7-methyl-GMP phosphohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme also has low activity with N7-methyl-GDP, producing N7-methyl-GMP. Does not accept AMP or GMP, and has low activity with UMP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Buschmann, J., Moritz, B., Jeske, M., Lilie, H., Schierhorn, A. and Wahle, E. Identification of Drosophila and human 7-methyl GMP-specific nucleotidases. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013) 2441–2451. [DOI] [PMID: 23223233]
[EC 3.1.3.91 created 2013]
 
 
EC 3.1.4.17     
Accepted name: 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase
Reaction: nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5′-phosphate
Other name(s): cyclic 3′,5′-mononucleotide phosphodiesterase; PDE; cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase; cyclic 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase; 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase; 3′:5′-cyclic nucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase; 3′,5′-cyclonucleotide phosphodiesterase; cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; 3′, 5′-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase; 3′: 5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP); cytidine 3′:5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP); cyclic 3′,5-nucleotide monophosphate phosphodiesterase; nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate diesterase; nucleoside-3′,5-monophosphate phosphodiesterase
Systematic name: 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase
Comments: Acts on 3′,5′-cyclic AMP, 3′,5′-cyclic dAMP, 3′,5′-cyclic IMP, 3′,5′-cyclic GMP and 3′,5′-cyclic CMP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9040-59-9
References:
1.  Fischer, U. and Amrhein, N. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 341 (1974) 412–420. [DOI] [PMID: 4365506]
2.  Nair, K.G. Purification and properties of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from dog heart. Biochemistry 5 (1966) 150–157. [PMID: 4287216]
[EC 3.1.4.17 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 3.1.4.37     
Accepted name: 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase
Reaction: nucleoside 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 2′-phosphate
Other name(s): cyclic-CMP phosphodiesterase; 2′,3′-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase; cyclic 2′,3′-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase; cyclic 2′,3′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase; 2′,3′-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase; 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase; CNPase; 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase; 2′:3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase; 2′:3′-CNMP-3′-ase
Systematic name: nucleoside-2′,3′-cyclic-phosphate 2′-nucleotidohydrolase
Comments: The brain enzyme acts on 2′,3′-cyclic AMP more rapidly than on the UMP or CMP derivatives. An enzyme from liver acts on 2′,3′-cyclic CMP more rapidly than on the purine derivatives; it also hydrolyses the corresponding 3′,5′-cyclic phosphates, but more slowly. This latter enzyme has been called cyclic-CMP phosphodiesterase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 60098-35-3
References:
1.  Drummond, G.I., Iyer, N.T. and Keith, J. Hydrolysis of ribonucleoside 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates by a diesterase from brain. J. Biol. Chem. 237 (1962) 3535–3539.
2.  Helfman, D.M. and Kuo, J.F. A homogeneous cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes both pyrimidine and purine cyclic 2′:3′- and 3′:5′-nucleotides. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 1044–1047. [PMID: 6274851]
3.  Helfman, D.M., Shoji, M. and Kuo, J.F. Purification to homogeneity and general properties of a novel phosphodiesterase hydrolyzing cyclic CMP and cyclic AMP. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 6327–6334. [PMID: 6263914]
4.  Kurihara, T., Nishizawa, Y., Takahashi, Y. and Odani, S. Chemical, immunological and catalytic properties of 2′:3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase purified from brain white matter. Biochem. J. 195 (1981) 153–157. [PMID: 6272743]
5.  Nishizawa, Y., Kurihara, T. and Takahashi, Y. Spectrophotometric assay, solubilization and purification of brain 2′:3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase. Biochem. J. 191 (1980) 71–82. [PMID: 6258586]
[EC 3.1.4.37 created 1976]
 
 
EC 3.1.4.40     
Accepted name: CMP-N-acylneuraminate phosphodiesterase
Reaction: CMP-N-acylneuraminate + H2O = CMP + N-acylneuraminate
Other name(s): CMP-sialate hydrolase; CMP-sialic acid hydrolase; CMP-N-acylneuraminic acid hydrolase; cytidine monophosphosialic hydrolase; cytidine monophosphosialate hydrolase; cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydrolase; CMP-N-acetylneuraminate hydrolase
Systematic name: CMP-N-acylneuraminate N-acylneuraminohydrolase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 55326-41-5
References:
1.  Kean, E.L. and Bighouse, K.J. Cytidine 5′-monophosphosialic acid hydrolase. Subcellular location and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 7813–7823. [PMID: 4372219]
[EC 3.1.4.40 created 1976]
 
 
EC 3.2.1.184     
Accepted name: UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine 2-epimerase (hydrolysing)
Reaction: UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine + H2O = UDP + 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-mannopyranose
For diagram of legionaminic acid biosynthesis, click here, and for mechanism, click here
Glossary: UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine = UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): UDP-Bac2Ac4Ac 2-epimerase; NeuC
Systematic name: UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine hydrolase (2-epimerising)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Involved in biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a nonulosonate derivative that is incorporated by some bacteria into assorted virulence-associated cell surface glycoconjugates. The initial product formed by the enzyme from Legionella pneumophila, which incorporates legionaminic acid into the O-antigen moiety of its lipopolysaccharide, is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-mannopyranose, which rapidly mutarotates to a mixture of anomers [1]. The enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni, which incorporates legionaminic acid into flagellin, prefers GDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272–3282. [DOI] [PMID: 18275154]
2.  Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715–725. [DOI] [PMID: 19282391]
[EC 3.2.1.184 created 2012]
 
 
EC 3.2.2.10     
Accepted name: pyrimidine-5′-nucleotide nucleosidase
Reaction: a pyrimidine 5′-nucleotide + H2O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + a pyrimidine base
Other name(s): pyrimidine nucleotide N-ribosidase; Pyr5N
Systematic name: pyrimidine-5′-nucleotide phosphoribo(deoxyribo)hydrolase
Comments: Also acts on dUMP, dTMP and dCMP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-31-8
References:
1.  Imada, A. Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides by enzyme systems of Streptomyces. II. Pyrimidine 5′-nucleotide phosphoribo(deoxyribo) hydrolase of Streptomyces virginiae. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (1967) 267–278.
2.  Imada, A., Kuno, M. and Igarasi, S. Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides by enzyme systems of Streptomyces. I. Ribose-5-phosphate formation from pyrimidine nucleotides. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (1967) 255–265.
[EC 3.2.2.10 created 1972]
 
 
EC 3.5.4.12     
Accepted name: dCMP deaminase
Reaction: dCMP + H2O = dUMP + NH3
Other name(s): deoxycytidylate deaminase; deoxy-CMP-deaminase; deoxycytidylate aminohydrolase; deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase; deoxycytidine-5′-phosphate deaminase; deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate aminohydrolase
Systematic name: dCMP aminohydrolase
Comments: Also acts on some 5-substituted dCMPs.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9026-92-0
References:
1.  Scarano, E. The enzymatic deamination of 6-aminopyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. I. The enzymatic deamination of deoxycytidine 5′-phosphate and of 5-methyldeoxycytidine 5-methyldeoxycytidine 5′-phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 706–713. [PMID: 14442222]
2.  Scarano, E., Bonaduce, L. and de Petrocellis, B. The enzymatic deamination of 6-aminopyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. II. Purification and properties of a 6-aminopyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 5′-phosphate deaminase from unfertilized eggs of sea urchin. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 3556–3561. [PMID: 13747062]
3.  Sergott, R.C., Debeer, L.J. and Bessman, M.J. On the regulation of a bacterial deoxycytidylate deaminase. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 7755–7758. [PMID: 5002683]
[EC 3.5.4.12 created 1965]
 
 
EC 3.5.4.30     
Accepted name: dCTP deaminase (dUMP-forming)
Reaction: dCTP + 2 H2O = dUMP + diphosphate + NH3
Systematic name: dCTP aminohydrolase (dUMP-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. Is highly specific for dCTP as substrate as dCMP, CTP, CDP, CMP, cytosine or deoxycytosine are not deaminated. While most bacteria require two enzymes to form dUMP from dCTP (EC 3.5.4.13, dCTP deaminase and EC 3.6.1.23, dUTP diphosphatase), the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses a single enzyme to carry out both functions. This enzyme can also act as a dUTP diphosphatase, but more slowly.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Li, H., Xu, H., Graham, D.E. and White, R.H. The Methanococcus jannaschii dCTP deaminase is a bifunctional deaminase and diphosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 11100–11106. [DOI] [PMID: 12538648]
[EC 3.5.4.30 created 2003]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.12     
Accepted name: dCTP diphosphatase
Reaction: dCTP + H2O = dCMP + diphosphate
Other name(s): DCTPP1 (gene name); deoxycytidine-triphosphatase; dCTPase; dCTP pyrophosphatase; deoxycytidine triphosphatase; deoxy-CTPase
Systematic name: dCTP nucleotidohydrolase
Comments: The mammalian enzyme also displays weak activity against dTTP and dATP, but none against dGTP. Activity is highest with analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9024-87-7
References:
1.  Zimmerman, S.B. and Kornberg, A. Deoxycytidine di- and triphosphate cleavage by an enzyme formed in bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 1480–1486. [PMID: 13788541]
2.  Moroz, O.V., Murzin, A.G., Makarova, K.S., Koonin, E.V., Wilson, K.S. and Galperin, M.Y. Dimeric dUTPases, HisE, and MazG belong to a new superfamily of all-α NTP pyrophosphohydrolases with potential "house-cleaning" functions. J. Mol. Biol. 347 (2005) 243–255. [DOI] [PMID: 15740738]
3.  Wu, B., Liu, Y., Zhao, Q., Liao, S., Zhang, J., Bartlam, M., Chen, W. and Rao, Z. Crystal structure of RS21-C6, involved in nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolysis. J. Mol. Biol. 367 (2007) 1405–1412. [DOI] [PMID: 17320107]
4.  Nonaka, M., Tsuchimoto, D., Sakumi, K. and Nakabeppu, Y. Mouse RS21-C6 is a mammalian 2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase that prefers 5-iodocytosine. FEBS J. 276 (2009) 1654–1666. [DOI] [PMID: 19220460]
5.  Requena, C.E., Perez-Moreno, G., Ruiz-Perez, L.M., Vidal, A.E. and Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D. The NTP pyrophosphatase DCTPP1 contributes to the homoeostasis and cleansing of the dNTP pool in human cells. Biochem. J. 459 (2014) 171–180. [DOI] [PMID: 24467396]
[EC 3.6.1.12 created 1965]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.16     
Accepted name: CDP-glycerol diphosphatase
Reaction: CDP-glycerol + H2O = CMP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Other name(s): CDP-glycerol pyrophosphatase; cytidine diphosphoglycerol pyrophosphatase
Systematic name: CDP-glycerol phosphoglycerohydrolase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37289-28-4
References:
1.  Glaser, L. The synthesis of teichoic acid. IV. On the regulation of cytidine 5′-diphosphateglycerol concentration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 101 (1965) 6–15. [PMID: 14329291]
[EC 3.6.1.16 created 1972]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.26     
Accepted name: CDP-diacylglycerol diphosphatase
Reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H2O = CMP + phosphatidate
Other name(s): cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol pyrophosphatase; CDP diacylglycerol hydrolase
Systematic name: CDP-diacylglycerol phosphatidylhydrolase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 62213-20-1
References:
1.  Raetz, C.R.H., Hirschberg, B., Dowhan, W., Wickner, W.T. and Kennedy, E.P. A membrane-bound pyrophosphatase in Escherichia coli catalyzing the hydrolysis of cytidine diphosphate-diglyceride. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 2245–2247. [PMID: 4335869]
[EC 3.6.1.26 created 1976]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.53     
Accepted name: Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol diphosphatase
Reaction: (1) CDP-choline + H2O = CMP + phosphocholine
(2) ADP-D-ribose + H2O = AMP + D-ribose 5-phosphate
Other name(s): Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol pyrophosphatase; ADPRibase-Mn
Systematic name: CDP-choline phosphohydrolase
Comments: Requires Mn2+. Unlike EC 3.6.1.13, ADP-ribose diphosphatase, it cannot utilize Mg2+. ADP-D-ribose, CDP-choline, CDP-ethanolamine and ADP are substrates for this enzyme but ADP-D-glucose, UDP-D-glucose, CDP-D-glucose, CDP, CMP and AMP are not hydrolysed [2]. The mammalian enzyme hydrolyses cyclic ADP-ribose to 1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)-AMP with ~100-fold lower efficiency than ADP-D-ribose [3]. In rat, the enzyme is found predominantly in thymus and spleen.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Canales, J., Pinto, R.M., Costas, M.J., Hernández, M.T., Miró, A., Bernet, D., Fernández, A. and Cameselle, J.C. Rat liver nucleoside diphosphosugar or diphosphoalcohol pyrophosphatases different from nucleotide pyrophosphatase or phosphodiesterase I: substrate specificities of Mg2+-and/or Mn2+-dependent hydrolases acting on ADP-ribose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1246 (1995) 167–177. [DOI] [PMID: 7819284]
2.  Canales, J., Fernández, A., Ribeiro, J.M., Cabezas, A., Rodrigues, J.R., Cameselle, J.C. and Costas, M.J. Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol pyrophosphatase: a novel metallophosphoesterase family preferentially expressed in rodent immune cells. Biochem. J. 413 (2008) 103–113. [DOI] [PMID: 18352857]
3.  Canales, J., Fernandez, A., Rodrigues, J.R., Ferreira, R., Ribeiro, J.M., Cabezas, A., Costas, M.J. and Cameselle, J.C. Hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride linkage of cyclic ADP-ribose by the Mn(2+)-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol pyrophosphatase. FEBS Lett. 583 (2009) 1593–1598. [DOI] [PMID: 19379742]
4.  Rodrigues, J.R., Fernandez, A., Canales, J., Cabezas, A., Ribeiro, J.M., Costas, M.J. and Cameselle, J.C. Characterization of Danio rerio Mn2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol diphosphatase, the structural prototype of the ADPRibase-Mn-like protein family. PLoS One 7:e42249 (2012). [DOI] [PMID: 22848751]
[EC 3.6.1.53 created 2008]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.57     
Accepted name: UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-L-altropyranose hydrolase
Reaction: UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-L-altropyranose + H2O = 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-L-altropyranose + UDP
Glossary: pseudaminic acid = 5,7-diacetylamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-2-nonulopyranosonic acid
Other name(s): PseG; UDP-6-deoxy-AltdiNAc hydrolase; Cj1312; UDP-2,4-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-L-altropyranose hydrolase
Systematic name: UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-L-altropyranose hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Liu, F. and Tanner, M.E. PseG of pseudaminic acid biosynthesis: a UDP-sugar hydrolase as a masked glycosyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 20902–20909. [DOI] [PMID: 16728396]
2.  Schoenhofen, I.C., McNally, D.J., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. Elucidation of the CMP-pseudaminic acid pathway in Helicobacter pylori: synthesis from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by a single enzymatic reaction. Glycobiology 16 (2006) 8C–14C. [DOI] [PMID: 16751642]
[EC 3.6.1.57 created 2011]
 
 
EC 3.6.1.65     
Accepted name: (d)CTP diphosphatase
Reaction: (1) CTP + H2O = CMP + diphosphate
(2) dCTP + H2O = dCMP + diphosphate
Other name(s): (d)CTP pyrophosphohydrolase; (d)CTP diphosphohydrolase; nudG (gene name)
Systematic name: (deoxy)cytidine 5′-triphosphate diphosphohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Escherichia coli, is specific for the pyrimidine nucleotides CTP and dCTP. It also acts on 5-methyl-dCTP, 5-hydroxy-dCTP and 8-hydroxy-dGTP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  O'Handley, S.F., Dunn, C.A. and Bessman, M.J. Orf135 from Escherichia coli is a Nudix hydrolase specific for CTP, dCTP, and 5-methyl-dCTP. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 5421–5426. [DOI] [PMID: 11053429]
2.  Fujikawa, K. and Kasai, H. The oxidized pyrimidine ribonucleotide, 5-hydroxy-CTP, is hydrolyzed efficiently by the Escherichia coli recombinant Orf135 protein. DNA Repair (Amst.) 1 (2002) 571–576. [DOI] [PMID: 12509230]
3.  Kamiya, H., Iida, E. and Harashima, H. Important amino acids in the phosphohydrolase module of Escherichia coli Orf135. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 323 (2004) 1063–1068. [DOI] [PMID: 15381107]
4.  Iida, E., Satou, K., Mishima, M., Kojima, C., Harashima, H. and Kamiya, H. Amino acid residues involved in substrate recognition of the Escherichia coli Orf135 protein. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 5683–5689. [DOI] [PMID: 15823026]
[EC 3.6.1.65 created 2013]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.115     
Accepted name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4,6-dehydratase (configuration-inverting)
Reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine = UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-L-arabino-hex-4-ulose + H2O
For diagram of UDP-N-acetyl-β-L-fucosamine biosynthesis, click here and for diagram of mechanism, click here
Glossary: pseudaminic acid = 5,7-bis(acetylamino)-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-2-nonulopyranosonic acid
Other name(s): FlaA1; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 5-inverting 4,6-dehydratase; PseB; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine hydro-lyase (inverting; UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-L-arabino-hex-4-ulose-forming)
Systematic name: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine hydro-lyase (inverting; UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-L-arabino-hex-4-ulose-forming)
Comments: Contains NADP+ as a cofactor. This is the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of pseudaminic acid [3], a sialic-acid-like sugar that is unique to bacteria and is used by Helicobacter pylori to modify its flagellin. This enzyme plays a critical role in H. pylori’s pathogenesis, being involved in the synthesis of both functional flagella and lipopolysaccharides [1,2]. It is completely inhibited by UDP-α-D-galactose. The reaction results in the chirality of the C-5 atom being inverted. It is thought that Lys-133 acts sequentially as a catalytic acid, protonating the C-6 hydroxy group and as a catalytic base, abstracting the C-5 proton, resulting in the elimination of water. This enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ishiyama, N., Creuzenet, C., Miller, W.L., Demendi, M., Anderson, E.M., Harauz, G., Lam, J.S. and Berghuis, A.M. Structural studies of FlaA1 from Helicobacter pylori reveal the mechanism for inverting 4,6-dehydratase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 24489–24495. [DOI] [PMID: 16651261]
2.  Schirm, M., Soo, E.C., Aubry, A.J., Austin, J., Thibault, P. and Logan, S.M. Structural, genetic and functional characterization of the flagellin glycosylation process in Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 48 (2003) 1579–1592. [DOI] [PMID: 12791140]
3.  Schoenhofen, I.C., McNally, D.J., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. Elucidation of the CMP-pseudaminic acid pathway in Helicobacter pylori: synthesis from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by a single enzymatic reaction. Glycobiology 16 (2006) 8C–14C. [DOI] [PMID: 16751642]
[EC 4.2.1.115 created 2009]
 
 
EC 4.2.3.147     
Accepted name: pimaradiene synthase
Reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate
For diagram of pimarane diterpenoids biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): PbmPIM1; PcmPIM1
Systematic name: (+)-copalyl diphosphate-lyase (pimara-8(14),15-diene-forming)
Comments: Isolated from the plants Pinus banksiana (jack pine) and Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Hall, D.E., Zerbe, P., Jancsik, S., Quesada, A.L., Dullat, H., Madilao, L.L., Yuen, M. and Bohlmann, J. Evolution of conifer diterpene synthases: diterpene resin acid biosynthesis in lodgepole pine and jack pine involves monofunctional and bifunctional diterpene synthases. Plant Physiol. 161 (2013) 600–616. [DOI] [PMID: 23370714]
[EC 4.2.3.147 created 2014]
 
 
EC 4.6.1.6     
Accepted name: cytidylate cyclase
Reaction: CTP = 3′,5′-cyclic CMP + diphosphate
Glossary: 3′,5′-cyclic CMP = cCMP
cytidylate = CMP
Other name(s): 3′,5′-cyclic-CMP synthase; cytidylyl cyclase; cytidyl cyclase; CTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing); pycC (gene name) (ambiguous)
Systematic name: CTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-CMP-forming)
Comments: In bacteria and archaea the enzyme's product, cCMP, functions as a second messenger in bacterial immunity against viruses. The enzyme is synthesized following phage infection and activates immune effectors that execute an antiviral response.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 65357-82-6
References:
1.  Cech, S.Y. and Ignarro, L.J. Cytidine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) formation by homogenates of mouse liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80 (1978) 119–125. [DOI] [PMID: 23778]
2.  Newton, R.P., Salih, S.G., Hakeem, N.A., Kingston, E.E. and Beynon, J.H. 3′,5′-Cyclic UMP, -cyclic IMP, -cyclic TMP and related enzymes in mammalian tissues. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 13 (1985) 1134–1135. [DOI]
3.  Tal, N., Morehouse, B.R., Millman, A., Stokar-Avihail, A., Avraham, C., Fedorenko, T., Yirmiya, E., Herbst, E., Brandis, A., Mehlman, T., Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y., Keszei, A.FA., Shao, S., Amitai, G., Kranzusch, P.J. and Sorek, R. Cyclic CMP and cyclic UMP mediate bacterial immunity against phages. Cell 184 (2021) 5728–5739.e16. [DOI] [PMID: 34644530]
[EC 4.6.1.6 created 1989]
 
 
EC 4.6.1.12     
Accepted name: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase
Reaction: 2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + CMP
For diagram of non-mevalonate terpenoid biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): MECDP-synthase; 2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing)
Systematic name: 2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing; 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli requires Mg2+ or Mn2+. Forms part of an alternative nonmevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis (for diagram, click here).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 287480-92-6
References:
1.  Herz, S., Wungsintaweekul, J., Schuhr, C.A., Hecht, S., Lüttgen, H., Sagner, S., Fellermeier, M., Eisenreich, W., Zenk, M.H., Bacher, A. and Rohdich, F. Biosynthesis of terpenoids: YgbB protein converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erithritol 2-phosphate to 2-C-methyl-D-erithritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 2486–2490. [DOI] [PMID: 10694574]
2.  Takagi, M., Kuzuyama, T., Kaneda, K., Watanabe, H., Dairi, T. and Seto, H. Studies on the nonmevalonate pathway: Formation of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate from 2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol. Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (2000) 3395–3398.
[EC 4.6.1.12 created 2001]
 
 
EC 4.6.1.26     
Accepted name: uridylate cyclase
Reaction: UTP = 3′,5′-cyclic UMP + diphosphate
Glossary: 3′,5′-cyclic UMP = cUMP
uridylate = CMP
Other name(s): pycC (gene name) (ambiguous)
Systematic name: UTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-UMP-forming)
Comments: The enzyme, found in bacteria and archaea, forms cUMP, which functions as a second messenger in bacterial immunity against viruses. The enzyme is synthesized following phage infection and activates immune effectors that execute an antiviral response.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Tal, N., Morehouse, B.R., Millman, A., Stokar-Avihail, A., Avraham, C., Fedorenko, T., Yirmiya, E., Herbst, E., Brandis, A., Mehlman, T., Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y., Keszei, A.FA., Shao, S., Amitai, G., Kranzusch, P.J. and Sorek, R. Cyclic CMP and cyclic UMP mediate bacterial immunity against phages. Cell 184 (2021) 5728–5739.e16. [DOI] [PMID: 34644530]
[EC 4.6.1.26 created 2022]
 
 
EC 6.3.2.5     
Accepted name: phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase (CTP)
Reaction: CTP + (R)-4′-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + N-[(R)-4′-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine
For diagram of coenzyme A biosynthesis (late stages), click here
Other name(s): phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (ambiguous); phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: (R)-4′-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
Comments: A key enzyme in the production of coenzyme A. The bacterial enzyme requires CTP, in contrast to the eukaryotic enzyme, EC 6.3.2.51, which requires ATP. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9023-50-1
References:
1.  Brown, G.M. The metabolism of pantothenic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 234 (1959) 370–378. [PMID: 13630913]
2.  Strauss, E., Kinsland, C., Ge, Y., McLafferty, F.W. and Begley, T.P. Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase from Escherichia coli. Identification and characterization of the last unidentified Coenzyme A biosynthetic enzymes in bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 13513–13516. [DOI] [PMID: 11278255]
3.  Kupke, T. Molecular characterization of the 4′-phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase domain of bacterial Dfp flavoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 36137–36145. [DOI] [PMID: 12140293]
[EC 6.3.2.5 created 1961, modified 2003, modified 2017]
 
 


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