The Enzyme Database

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EC 2.4.1.129      
Transferred entry: peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase. Now EC 2.4.99.28, peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase
[EC 2.4.1.129 created 1984, modified 2002, deleted 2023]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.227     
Accepted name: undecaprenyldiphospho-muramoylpentapeptide β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine + Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = UDP + β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol
For diagram of peptidoglycan biosynthesis (part 2), click here
Other name(s): MurG transferase; UDP-N-D-glucosamine:N-acetyl-α-D-muramyl(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminlytransferase; UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:N-acetyl-α-D-muramyl(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol 4-β-N-acetylglucosaminlytransferase
Systematic name: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine:N-acetyl-α-D-muramyl(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol 4-β-N-acetylglucosaminlytransferase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme also works when the lysine residue is replaced by meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate, A2pm) combined with adjacent residues through its L-centre, as it is in Gram-negative and some Gram-positive organisms. The undecaprenol involved is ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol (for definitions, click here).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 60976-26-3
References:
1.  van Heijenoort, J. Recent advances in the formation of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer unit. Nat. Prod. Rep. 18 (2001) 503–519. [PMID: 11699883]
[EC 2.4.1.227 created 2002]
 
 
EC 2.4.99.28     
Accepted name: peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase
Reaction: [GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n+1-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate
Glossary: Mur2Ac = N-acetylmuramic acid
Other name(s): PG-II; bactoprenyldiphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-pentapeptide:peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase; penicillin binding protein (3 or 1B); peptidoglycan transglycosylase; undecaprenyldiphospho-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide):undecaprenyldiphospho-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide) disaccharidetransferase
Systematic name: [poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-(N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide)]-diphosphoundecaprenol:[N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-muramoylpentapeptide]-diphosphoundecaprenol disaccharidetransferase
Comments: The enzyme also works when the lysine residue is replaced by meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate, A2pm) combined with adjacent residues through its L-centre, as it is in Gram-negative and some Gram-positive organisms. The undecaprenol involved is ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol (for definitions, click here). Involved in the synthesis of cell-wall peptidoglycan.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 79079-04-2
References:
1.  Taku, A., Stuckey, M. and Fan, D.P. Purification of the peptidoglycan transglycosylase of Bacillus megaterium. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 5018–5022. [DOI] [PMID: 6802846]
2.  Goffin, C. and Ghuysen, J.-M. Multimodular penicillin-binding proteins: an enigmatic family of orthologs and paralogs. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 (1998) 1079–1093. [DOI] [PMID: 9841666]
3.  van Heijenoort, J. Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 11 (2001) 25. [DOI] [PMID: 11320055]
[EC 2.4.99.28 created 1984 as EC 2.4.1.129, modified 2002, transferred 2023 to EC 2.4.99.28]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.13     
Accepted name: phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase
Reaction: UDP-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol
Other name(s): MraY transferase; UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-γ-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala:C55-isoprenoid alcohol transferase; UDP-MurNAc-Ala-γDGlu-Lys-DAla-DAla:undecaprenylphosphate transferase; phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl pentapeptide translocase; phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase; phospho-NAc-muramoyl-pentapeptide translocase (UMP); phosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptide translocase; phosphoacetylmuramoylpentapeptidetransferase
Systematic name: UDP-MurAc(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala):undecaprenyl-phosphate phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase
Comments: In Gram-negative and some Gram-positive organisms the L-lysine is replaced by meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate, A2pm), which is combined with adjacent residues through its L-centre. The undecaprenol involved is ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol (for definitions, click here).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9068-50-2
References:
1.  Heydanek, M.G., Jr. and Neuhaus, F.C. The initial stage in peptidoglycan synthesis. IV. Solubilization of phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide translocase. Biochemistry 8 (1969) 1474–1481. [PMID: 5805290]
2.  Higashi, Y., Strominger, J.L. and Sweeley, C.C. Structure of a lipid intermediate in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis: a derivative of a C55 isoprenoid alcohol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57 (1967) 1878–1884. [DOI] [PMID: 5231417]
3.  Struve, W.G., Sinha, R.K. and Neuhaus, F.C. On the initial stage in peptidoglycan synthesis. Phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide translocase (uridine monophosphate). Biochemistry 5 (1966) 82–93. [PMID: 5938956]
4.  van Heijenoort, J. Recent advances in the formation of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer unit. Nat. Prod. Rep. 18 (2001) 503–519. [PMID: 11699883]
[EC 2.7.8.13 created 1972, modified 2002]
 
 
EC 6.3.1.12     
Accepted name: D-aspartate ligase
Reaction: ATP + D-aspartate + [β-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n = [β-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-6-N-(β-D-Asp)-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n + ADP + phosphate
For diagram of reaction, click here
Other name(s): Aslfm; UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide:D-aspartate ligase; D-aspartic acid-activating enzyme
Systematic name: D-aspartate:[β-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)]n ligase (ADP-forming)
Comments: This enzyme forms part of the peptidoglycan assembly pathway of Gram-positive bacteria grown in medium containing D-Asp. Normally, the side chains the acylate the 6-amino group of the L-lysine residue contain L-Ala-L-Ala but these amino acids are replaced by D-Asp when D-Asp is included in the medium. Hybrid chains containing L-Ala-D-Asp, L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Asp or D-Asp-L-Ala are not formed [4]. The enzyme belongs in the ATP-grasp protein superfamily [3,4]. The enzyme is highly specific for D-aspartate, as L-aspartate, D-glutamate, D-alanine, D-iso-asparagine and D-malic acid are not substrates [4]. In Enterococcus faecium, the substrate D-aspartate is produced by EC 5.1.1.13, aspartate racemase [4]
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Staudenbauer, W. and Strominger, J.L. Activation of D-aspartic acid for incorporation into peptidoglycan. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 5095–5102. [PMID: 4262567]
2.  Staudenbauer, W., Willoughby, E. and Strominger, J.L. Further studies of the D-aspartic acid-activating enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis and its attachment to the membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 5289–5296. [PMID: 4626717]
3.  Galperin, M.Y. and Koonin, E.V. A diverse superfamily of enzymes with ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine/thiol ligase activity. Protein Sci. 6 (1997) 2639–2643. [DOI] [PMID: 9416615]
4.  Bellais, S., Arthur, M., Dubost, L., Hugonnet, J.E., Gutmann, L., van Heijenoort, J., Legrand, R., Brouard, J.P., Rice, L. and Mainardi, J.L. Aslfm, the D-aspartate ligase responsible for the addition of D-aspartic acid onto the peptidoglycan precursor of Enterococcus faecium. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 11586–11594. [DOI] [PMID: 16510449]
[EC 6.3.1.12 created 2006]
 
 
EC 6.3.5.13     
Accepted name: lipid II isoglutaminyl synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
Reaction: ATP + β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol + L-glutamine + H2O = ADP + phosphate + β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoglutaminyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol + L-glutamate (overall reaction)
(1a) L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3
(1b) ATP + β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = ADP + β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-MurNAc-L-Ala-γ-D-O-P-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
(1c) β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-O-P-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol + NH3 = β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoglutaminyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol + phosphate
Glossary: lipid II = undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)muramoyl peptide; the peptide element refers to L-alanyl-D-γ-glutamyl-L-lysyl/meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine or a modified version thereof = undecaprenyldiphospho-4-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-3-O-peptidyl-α-N-acetylmuramate; the peptide element refers to L-alanyl-D-γ-glutamyl-L-lysyl/meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine or a modified version thereof
Other name(s): MurT/GatD; MurT/GatD complex
Systematic name: β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol:L-glutamine amidoligase (ADP-forming)
Comments: The enzyme complex, found in Gram-positive bacteria, consists of two subunits. A glutaminase subunit (cf. EC 3.5.1.2, glutaminase) produces an ammonia molecule that is channeled to a ligase subunit, which adds it to the activated D-glutamate residue of lipid II, converting it to an isoglutamine residue.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Munch, D., Roemer, T., Lee, S.H., Engeser, M., Sahl, H.G. and Schneider, T. Identification and in vitro analysis of the GatD/MurT enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid II amidation in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog. 8:e1002509 (2012). [PMID: 22291598]
2.  Noldeke, E.R., Muckenfuss, L.M., Niemann, V., Muller, A., Stork, E., Zocher, G., Schneider, T. and Stehle, T. Structural basis of cell wall peptidoglycan amidation by the GatD/MurT complex of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci. Rep. 8:12953 (2018). [PMID: 30154570]
3.  Morlot, C., Straume, D., Peters, K., Hegnar, O.A., Simon, N., Villard, A.M., Contreras-Martel, C., Leisico, F., Breukink, E., Gravier-Pelletier, C., Le Corre, L., Vollmer, W., Pietrancosta, N., Havarstein, L.S. and Zapun, A. Structure of the essential peptidoglycan amidotransferase MurT/GatD complex from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat. Commun. 9:3180 (2018). [PMID: 30093673]
[EC 6.3.5.13 created 2019]
 
 


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