The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.13.11.57     
Accepted name: gallate dioxygenase
Reaction: 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate + O2 = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate
For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here
Glossary: 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate = gallate
Other name(s): GalA; gallate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains non-heme Fe2+. The enzyme is a ring-cleavage dioxygenase that acts specifically on 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate to produce the keto-tautomer of 4-oxalomesaconate [1,2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Nogales, J., Canales, A., JimĂ©nez-Barbero, J., García, J.L. and Díaz, E. Molecular characterization of the gallate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The prototype of a new subgroup of extradiol dioxygenases. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 35382–35390. [DOI] [PMID: 16030014]
2.  Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457]
[EC 1.13.11.57 created 2011]
 
 
EC 2.8.3.26     
Accepted name: succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA transferase
Reaction: succinyl-CoA + mesaconate = 2-methylfumaryl-CoA + succinate
Glossary: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxy-2-methylprop-2-enoyl-CoA
mesaconate = 2-methylbut-2-enedioic acid
Other name(s): mct (gene name)
Systematic name: succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA transferase
Comments: The enzyme participates in the methylaspartate cycle, an anaplerotic pathway that operates in some members of the haloarchaea and forms malate from acetyl-CoA.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Khomyakova, M., Bukmez, O., Thomas, L.K., Erb, T.J. and Berg, I.A. A methylaspartate cycle in haloarchaea. Science 331 (2011) 334–337. [PMID: 21252347]
2.  Borjian, F., Johnsen, U., Schonheit, P. and Berg, I.A. Succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA-transferase and mesaconyl-CoA hydratase, enzymes of the methylaspartate cycle in Haloarcula hispanica. Front. Microbiol. 8:1683 (2017). [PMID: 28932214]
[EC 2.8.3.26 created 2020]
 
 
EC 3.1.1.57     
Accepted name: 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase
Reaction: 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + H2O = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate
For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here
Other name(s): 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase; 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonohydrolase
Systematic name: 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonohydrolase
Comments: The product is most likely the keto-form of 4-oxalomesaconate (as shown in the reaction) [1,2]. It can be converted to the enol-form, 4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-trioate, either spontaneously or by EC 5.3.2.8, 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 84177-55-9
References:
1.  Kersten, P.J., Dagley, S., Whittaker, J.W., Arciero, D.M. and Lipscomb, J.D. 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, a catabolite of gallic acids in Pseudomonas species. J. Bacteriol. 152 (1982) 1154–1162. [PMID: 7142106]
2.  Maruyama, K. Purification and properties of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 93 (1983) 557–565. [PMID: 6841353]
3.  Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457]
[EC 3.1.1.57 created 1986, modified 2010]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.34     
Accepted name: (S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase
Reaction: (S)-2-methylmalate = 2-methylfumarate + H2O
Other name(s): mesaconate hydratase; (+)-citramalate hydro-lyase; L-citramalate hydrolase; citramalate dehydratase; (+)-citramalic hydro-lyase; mesaconate mesaconase; mesaconase; (S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase
Systematic name: (S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase (2-methylfumarate-forming)
Comments: Also hydrates fumarate to (S)-malate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9027-94-5
References:
1.  Blair, A.H. and Barker, H.A. Assay and purification of (+)-citramalate hydro-lyase components from Clostridium tetanomorphum. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 400–408. [PMID: 5903732]
2.  Wang, C.C. and Barker, H.A. Purification and properties of L-citramalate hydrolyase. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 2516–2526. [PMID: 5769987]
[EC 4.2.1.34 created 1972]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.83     
Accepted name: 4-oxalomesaconate hydratase
Reaction: 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = (1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + H2O
For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here
Other name(s): 4-oxalmesaconate hydratase; 4-carboxy-2-oxohexenedioate hydratase; 4-carboxy-2-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase; oxalmesaconate hydratase; γ-oxalmesaconate hydratase; 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase; LigJ; GalB
Systematic name: (1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 1,2-hydro-lyase (2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate-forming)
Comments: This enzyme participates in the degradation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (via the meta-cleavage pathway), syringate and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, catalysing the reaction in the opposite direction [1-3]. It accepts the enol-form of 4-oxalomesaconate, 2-hydroxy-4-carboxy-hexa-2,4-dienedioate [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 85204-95-1
References:
1.  Maruyama, K. Enzymes responsible for degradation of 4-oxalmesaconic acid in Pseudomonas ochraceae. J. Biochem. 93 (1983) 567–574. [PMID: 6841354]
2.  Maruyama, K. Purification and properties of γ-oxalomesaconate hydratase from Pseudomonas ochraceae grown with phthalate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128 (1985) 271–277. [DOI] [PMID: 3985968]
3.  Hara, H., Masai, E., Katayama, Y. and Fukuda, M. The 4-oxalomesaconate hydratase gene, involved in the protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway, is essential to vanillate and syringate degradation in Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 6950–6957. [DOI] [PMID: 11092855]
4.  Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457]
[EC 4.2.1.83 created 1986, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 4.3.1.2     
Accepted name: methylaspartate ammonia-lyase
Reaction: L-threo-3-methylaspartate = mesaconate + NH3
Other name(s): β-methylaspartase; 3-methylaspartase; L-threo-3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase
Systematic name: L-threo-3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (mesaconate-forming)
Comments: A cobalamin protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9033-26-5
References:
1.  Barker, H.A., Smyth, R.O., Wawszkiewicz, E.J., Lee, M.N. and Wilson, R.M. Enzymic preparation and characterization of an α-L-β-methylaspartic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 78 (1958) 468–476. [DOI] [PMID: 13618029]
2.  Bright, H.J. and Ingraham, L.L. The preparation of crystalline β-methylaspartase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 44 (1960) 586–588.
[EC 4.3.1.2 created 1961]
 
 
EC 5.3.2.8     
Accepted name: 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase
Reaction: (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = (1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate
For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here
Glossary: (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = keto tautomer of 4-oxalomesaconate
(1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = one of the enol tautomers of 4-oxalomesaconate
Other name(s): GalD
Systematic name: 4-oxalomesaconate ketoenol-isomerase
Comments: This enzyme has been characterized from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and is involved in the degradation pathway of syringate and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. It catalyses the interconversion of two of the tautomers of 4-oxalomesaconate, a reaction that can also occur spontaneously.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457]
[EC 5.3.2.8 created 2011 as EC 5.3.3.16, modified 2011, transferred 2012 to EC 5.3.2.8]
 
 
EC 5.3.3.16      
Transferred entry: 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase. Now EC 5.3.2.8, 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase
[EC 5.3.3.16 created 2011, modified 2011, deleted 2013]
 
 
EC 5.4.1.3     
Accepted name: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA isomerase
Reaction: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA = 3-methylfumaryl-CoA
For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here
Glossary: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxy-2-methylprop-2-enoyl-CoA
3-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA
Other name(s): mesaconyl-CoA C1-C4 CoA transferase; Mct
Systematic name: 2-methylfumaryl-CoA 1,4-CoA-mutase
Comments: The enzyme, purified from the bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, acts as an intramolecular CoA transferase and does not transfer CoA to free mesaconate. It is part of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle for carbon assimilation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Zarzycki, J., Brecht, V., Muller, M. and Fuchs, G. Identifying the missing steps of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate CO2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 (2009) 21317–21322. [DOI] [PMID: 19955419]
[EC 5.4.1.3 created 2014]
 
 


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