The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.5.1.43     
Accepted name: carboxynorspermidine synthase
Reaction: (1) carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+ = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+
(2) carboxyspermidine + H2O + NADP+ = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + putrescine + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase; carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase; CASDH; CANSDH; VC1624 (gene name)
Systematic name: carboxynorspermidine:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction takes place in the opposite direction. Part of a bacterial polyamine biosynthesis pathway. L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde and propane-1,3-diamine/putrescine form a Schiff base that is reduced to form carboxynorspermidine/carboxyspermidine, respectively [1]. The enzyme from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae is essential for biofilm formation [2]. The enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni only produces carboxyspermidine in vivo even though it also can produce carboxynorspermidine in vitro [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Nakao, H., Shinoda, S. and Yamamoto, S. Purification and some properties of carboxynorspermidine synthase participating in a novel biosynthetic pathway for norspermidine in Vibrio alginolyticus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137 (1991) 1737–1742. [DOI] [PMID: 1955861]
2.  Lee, J., Sperandio, V., Frantz, D.E., Longgood, J., Camilli, A., Phillips, M.A. and Michael, A.J. An alternative polyamine biosynthetic pathway is widespread in bacteria and essential for biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 9899–9907. [DOI] [PMID: 19196710]
3.  Hanfrey, C.C., Pearson, B.M., Hazeldine, S., Lee, J., Gaskin, D.J., Woster, P.M., Phillips, M.A. and Michael, A.J. Alternative spermidine biosynthetic route is critical for growth of Campylobacter jejuni and is the dominant polyamine pathway in human gut microbiota. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 43301–43312. [DOI] [PMID: 22025614]
[EC 1.5.1.43 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.15     
Accepted name: N8-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Reaction: N8-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-acetamidobutanal + H2O2
Systematic name: N8-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)
Comments: Also active with N1-acetylspermine, weak activity with N1,N12-diacetylspermine. No activity with diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, diaminohexane, norspermidine, spermine and spermidine. Absence of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) activity. Differs in specificity from EC 1.5.3.13 (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC 1.5.3.16 (spermine oxidase) and EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specific polyamine oxidase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Shukla, O.P., Muller, S. and Walter, R.D. Polyamine oxidase from Acanthamoeba culbertsoni specific for N8-acetylspermidine. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 51 (1992) 91–98. [DOI] [PMID: 1565141]
[EC 1.5.3.15 created 2009]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.16     
Accepted name: spermine oxidase
Reaction: spermine + O2 + H2O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H2O2
Other name(s): PAOh1/SMO; PAOh1 (ambiguous); AtPAO1; AtPAO4; SMO; mSMO; SMO(PAOh1); SMO/PAOh1; SMO5; mSMOmu
Systematic name: spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)
Comments: The enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAO1) oxidizes norspermine to norspermidine with high efficiency [3]. The mammalian enzyme, encoded by the SMOX gene, is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of spermine at the exo (three-carbon) side of the tertiary amine. No activity with spermidine. Weak activity with N1-acetylspermine. A flavoprotein (FAD). Differs in specificity from EC 1.5.3.13 (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase), EC 1.5.3.14 (polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming)), EC 1.5.3.15 (N8-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) and EC 1.5.3.17 (non-specific polyamine oxidase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Murray-Stewart, T., Wang, Y., Goodwin, A., Hacker, A., Meeker, A. and Casero, R.A., Jr. Nuclear localization of human spermine oxidase isoforms - possible implications in drug response and disease etiology. FEBS J. 275 (2008) 2795–2806. [DOI] [PMID: 18422650]
2.  Cervelli, M., Polticelli, F., Federico, R. and Mariottini, P. Heterologous expression and characterization of mouse spermine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 5271–5276. [DOI] [PMID: 12458219]
3.  Tavladoraki, P., Rossi, M.N., Saccuti, G., Perez-Amador, M.A., Polticelli, F., Angelini, R. and Federico, R. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a polyamine oxidase from Arabidopsis involved in polyamine back conversion. Plant Physiol. 141 (2006) 1519–1532. [DOI] [PMID: 16778015]
4.  Wang, Y., Murray-Stewart, T., Devereux, W., Hacker, A., Frydman, B., Woster, P.M. and Casero, R.A., Jr. Properties of purified recombinant human polyamine oxidase, PAOh1/SMO. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (2003) 605–611. [DOI] [PMID: 12727196]
[EC 1.5.3.16 created 2009]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.16     
Accepted name: spermidine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + spermidine
For diagram of spermine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: spermidine = N-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
spermine = N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
putrescine = butane-1,4-diamine
S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine = (3-aminopropyl){[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}methylsulfonium
Other name(s): aminopropyltransferase; putrescine aminopropyltransferase; spermidine synthetase; SpeE (ambiguous); S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase; S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzymes from the plant Glycine max and from mammalia are highly specific for putrescine as the amine acceptor [2,7]. The enzymes from the bacteria Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima prefer putrescine but are more tolerant towards other amine acceptors, such as spermidine and cadaverine [5,6]. cf. EC 2.5.1.22 (spermine synthase) and EC 2.5.1.23 (sym-norspermidine synthase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37277-82-0
References:
1.  Hannonen, P., Janne, J. and Raina, A. Partial purification and characterization of spermine synthase from rat brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 289 (1972) 225–231. [DOI] [PMID: 4564056]
2.  Pegg, A.E., Shuttleworth, K. and Hibasami, H. Specificity of mammalian spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Biochem. J. 197 (1981) 315–320. [PMID: 6798961]
3.  Tabor, C.W. Propylamine transferase (spermidine synthesis). Methods Enzymol. 5 (1962) 761–765.
4.  Tabor, H. and Tabor, C.W. Biosynthesis and metabolism of 1,4-diaminobutane, spermidine, spermine, and related amines. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 36 (1972) 203–268. [PMID: 4628436]
5.  Bowman, W.H., Tabor, C.W. and Tabor, H. Spermidine biosynthesis. Purification and properties of propylamine transferase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 248 (1973) 2480–2486. [PMID: 4572733]
6.  Korolev, S., Ikeguchi, Y., Skarina, T., Beasley, S., Arrowsmith, C., Edwards, A., Joachimiak, A., Pegg, A.E. and Savchenko, A. The crystal structure of spermidine synthase with a multisubstrate adduct inhibitor. Nat. Struct. Biol. 9 (2002) 27–31. [DOI] [PMID: 11731804]
7.  Yoon, S.O., Lee, Y.S., Lee, S.H. and Cho, Y.D. Polyamine synthesis in plants: isolation and characterization of spermidine synthase from soybean (Glycine max) axes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1475 (2000) 17–26. [DOI] [PMID: 10806333]
[EC 2.5.1.16 created 1972, modified 1982, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.22     
Accepted name: spermine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + spermidine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + spermine
For diagram of spermine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: spermidine = N-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
spermine = N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine
S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine = (3-aminopropyl){[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}methylsulfonium
Other name(s): spermidine aminopropyltransferase; spermine synthetase; S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase; S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme from mammalia is highly specific for spermidine [2,3]. cf. EC 2.5.1.16 (spermidine synthase) and EC 2.5.1.23 (sym-norspermidine synthase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 74812-43-4
References:
1.  Hibasami, H., Borchardt, R.T., Chen, S.-Y., Coward, J.K. and Pegg, A.E. Studies of inhibition of rat spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Biochem. J. 187 (1980) 419–428. [PMID: 7396856]
2.  Pajula, R.-L., Raina, A. and Eloranta, T. Polyamine synthesis in mammalian tissues. Isolation and characterization of spermine synthase from bovine brain. Eur. J. Biochem. 101 (1979) 619–626. [DOI] [PMID: 520313]
3.  Pegg, A.E., Shuttleworth, K. and Hibasami, H. Specificity of mammalian spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Biochem. J. 197 (1981) 315–320. [PMID: 6798961]
[EC 2.5.1.22 created 1982, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.23     
Accepted name: sym-norspermidine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + propane-1,3-diamine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + bis(3-aminopropyl)amine
Glossary: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine = (3-aminopropyl){[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}methylsulfonium
Other name(s): S-adenosylmethioninamine:propane-1,3-diamine 3-aminopropyltransferase; S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:propane-1,3-diamine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:propane-1,3-diamine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme has been originally characterized from the protist Euglena gracilis [1,2]. The enzyme from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus can transfer the propylamine moiety from S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine to putrescine, sym-norspermidine and spermidine with lower efficiency [3]. cf. EC 2.5.1.16 (spermidine synthase) and EC 2.5.1.22 (spermine synthase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Aleksijevic, A., Grove, J. and Schuber, F. Studies on polyamine biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 565 (1979) 199–207. [DOI] [PMID: 116684]
2.  Villanueva, V.R., Adlakha, R.C. and Calbayrac, R. Biosynthesis of polyamines in Euglena gracilis. Phytochemistry 19 (1980) 787–790.
3.  Cacciapuoti, G., Porcelli, M., Carteni-Farina, M., Gambacorta, A. and Zappia, V. Purification and characterization of propylamine transferase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, an extreme thermophilic archaebacterium. Eur. J. Biochem. 161 (1986) 263–271. [DOI] [PMID: 3096734]
[EC 2.5.1.23 created 1983, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.104     
Accepted name: N1-aminopropylagmatine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + agmatine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + N1-(3-aminopropyl)agmatine
For diagram of spermidine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine = (3-aminopropyl){[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl}methylsulfonium
Other name(s): agmatine/cadaverine aminopropyl transferase; ACAPT; PF0127 (gene name); triamine/agmatine aminopropyltransferase; SpeE (ambiguous); agmatine aminopropyltransferase; S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine:agmatine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:agmatine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of spermidine from agmatine in some archaea and bacteria. The enzyme from the Gram-negative bacterium Thermus thermophilus accepts agmatine, spermidine and norspermidine with similar catalytic efficiency. The enzymes from the archaea Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus kodakarensis prefer agmatine, but can utilize cadaverine, putrescine and propane-1,3-diamine with much lower catalytic efficiency. cf. EC 2.5.1.16, spermidine synthase, and EC 2.5.1.23, sym-norspermidine synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ohnuma, M., Terui, Y., Tamakoshi, M., Mitome, H., Niitsu, M., Samejima, K., Kawashima, E. and Oshima, T. N1-aminopropylagmatine, a new polyamine produced as a key intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 30073–30082. [DOI] [PMID: 15983049]
2.  Cacciapuoti, G., Porcelli, M., Moretti, M.A., Sorrentino, F., Concilio, L., Zappia, V., Liu, Z.J., Tempel, W., Schubot, F., Rose, J.P., Wang, B.C., Brereton, P.S., Jenney, F.E. and Adams, M.W. The first agmatine/cadaverine aminopropyl transferase: biochemical and structural characterization of an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 6057–6067. [DOI] [PMID: 17545282]
3.  Morimoto, N., Fukuda, W., Nakajima, N., Masuda, T., Terui, Y., Kanai, T., Oshima, T., Imanaka, T. and Fujiwara, S. Dual biosynthesis pathway for longer-chain polyamines in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. J. Bacteriol. 192 (2010) 4991–5001. [DOI] [PMID: 20675472]
4.  Ohnuma, M., Ganbe, T., Terui, Y., Niitsu, M., Sato, T., Tanaka, N., Tamakoshi, M., Samejima, K., Kumasaka, T. and Oshima, T. Crystal structures and enzymatic properties of a triamine/agmatine aminopropyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus. J. Mol. Biol. 408 (2011) 971–986. [DOI] [PMID: 21458463]
[EC 2.5.1.104 created 2013]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.126     
Accepted name: norspermine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + norspermidine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + norspermine
Glossary: norspermidine = bis(3-aminopropyl)amine
norspermine = N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine
spermidine = N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
thermospermine = N-{3-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]propyl}-1,4-butanediamine
Other name(s): long-chain polyamine synthase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:norspermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the thermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum, can also synthesize norspermidine from propane-1,3-diamine and thermospermine from spermidine (with lower activity). The long-chain polyamines stabilize double-stranded DNA at high temperatures. In contrast to EC 2.5.1.127, caldopentamine synthase, this enzyme does not accept norspermine as a substrate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Knott, J.M. Biosynthesis of long-chain polyamines by crenarchaeal polyamine synthases from Hyperthermus butylicus and Pyrobaculum aerophilum. FEBS Lett. 583 (2009) 3519–3524. [DOI] [PMID: 19822146]
[EC 2.5.1.126 created 2014]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.127     
Accepted name: caldopentamine synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + norspermine = S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + caldopentamine
Glossary: caldopentamine = N-(3-aminopropyl)-N′-{3-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]propyl}-1,3-propanediamine
norspermidine = N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
norspermine = N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine
spermidine = N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
thermospermine = N-{3-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]propyl}-1,4-butanediamine
Other name(s): long-chain polyamine synthase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine:norspermine 3-aminopropyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the thermophilic archaeon Hyperthermus butylicus, can also synthesize norspermine from norspermidine and thermospermine from spermidine (with lower activity). The long-chain polyamines stabilize double-stranded DNA at high temperatures. In contrast to EC 2.5.1.23, sym-norspermidine synthase and EC 2.5.1.126, norspermine synthase, this enzyme shows no activity with propane-1,3-diamine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Knott, J.M. Biosynthesis of long-chain polyamines by crenarchaeal polyamine synthases from Hyperthermus butylicus and Pyrobaculum aerophilum. FEBS Lett. 583 (2009) 3519–3524. [DOI] [PMID: 19822146]
[EC 2.5.1.127 created 2014]
 
 
EC 4.1.1.96     
Accepted name: carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase
Reaction: (1) carboxynorspermidine = bis(3-aminopropyl)amine + CO2
(2) carboxyspermidine = spermidine + CO2
Glossary: bis(3-aminopropyl)amine = norspermidine
Other name(s): carboxyspermidine decarboxylase; CANSDC; VC1623 (gene name)
Systematic name: carboxynorspermidine carboxy-lyase (bis(3-aminopropyl)amine-forming)
Comments: A pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzyme. Part of a bacterial polyamine biosynthesis pathway. The enzyme is essential for biofilm formation in the bacterium Vibrio cholerae [1]. The enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni only produces spermidine in vivo even though it shows activity with carboxynorspermidine in vitro [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Lee, J., Sperandio, V., Frantz, D.E., Longgood, J., Camilli, A., Phillips, M.A. and Michael, A.J. An alternative polyamine biosynthetic pathway is widespread in bacteria and essential for biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 9899–9907. [DOI] [PMID: 19196710]
2.  Deng, X., Lee, J., Michael, A.J., Tomchick, D.R., Goldsmith, E.J. and Phillips, M.A. Evolution of substrate specificity within a diverse family of β/α-barrel-fold basic amino acid decarboxylases: X-ray structure determination of enzymes with specificity for L-arginine and carboxynorspermidine. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 25708–25719. [DOI] [PMID: 20534592]
3.  Hanfrey, C.C., Pearson, B.M., Hazeldine, S., Lee, J., Gaskin, D.J., Woster, P.M., Phillips, M.A. and Michael, A.J. Alternative spermidine biosynthetic route is critical for growth of Campylobacter jejuni and is the dominant polyamine pathway in human gut microbiota. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 43301–43312. [DOI] [PMID: 22025614]
[EC 4.1.1.96 created 2012]
 
 


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