| EC |
1.14.99.63 |
| Accepted name: |
β-carotene 4-ketolase |
| Reaction: |
(1) β-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
(2) echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O |
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For diagram of canthaxanthin biosynthesis, click here |
| Glossary: |
echinenone = β,β-caroten-4-one
canthaxanthin = β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione
zeaxanthin = β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol
astaxanthin = 3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione |
| Other name(s): |
BKT (ambiguous); β-C-4 oxygenase; β-carotene ketolase; crtS (gene name); crtW (gene name) |
| Systematic name: |
β-carotene,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (echinenone-forming) |
| Comments: |
The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid β ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on β rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, β-carotene 3-hydroxylase. |
| Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
| References: |
| 1. |
Lotan, T. and Hirschberg, J. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding β-C-4-oxygenase, that converts β-carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis. FEBS Lett. 364 (1995) 125–128. [PMID: 7750556] |
| 2. |
Breitenbach, J., Misawa, N., Kajiwara, S. and Sandmann, G. Expression in Escherichia coli and properties of the carotene ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 140 (1996) 241–246. [PMID: 8764486] |
| 3. |
Steiger, S. and Sandmann, G. Cloning of two carotenoid ketolase genes from Nostoc punctiforme for the heterologous production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. Biotechnol. Lett. 26 (2004) 813–817. [PMID: 15269553] |
| 4. |
Ojima, K., Breitenbach, J., Visser, H., Setoguchi, Y., Tabata, K., Hoshino, T., van den Berg, J. and Sandmann, G. Cloning of the astaxanthin synthase gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its assignment as a β-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase. Mol. Genet. Genomics 275 (2006) 148–158. [PMID: 16416328] |
| 5. |
Tao, L., Yao, H., Kasai, H., Misawa, N. and Cheng, Q. A carotenoid synthesis gene cluster from Algoriphagus sp. KK10202C with a novel fusion-type lycopene β-cyclase gene. Mol. Genet. Genomics 276 (2006) 79–86. [PMID: 16625353] |
| 6. |
Kathiresan, S., Chandrashekar, A., Ravishankar, G.A. and Sarada, R. Regulation of astaxanthin and its intermediates through cloning and genetic transformation of β-carotene ketolase in Haematococcus pluvialis. J. Biotechnol. 196-197 (2015) 33–41. [PMID: 25612872] |
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| [EC 1.14.99.63 created 2018] |
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