The Enzyme Database

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EC 3.1.26.13     
Accepted name: retroviral ribonuclease H
Reaction: Endohydrolysis of RNA in RNA/DNA hybrids. Three different cleavage modes: 1. sequence-specific internal cleavage of RNA [1-4]. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus enzymes prefer to cleave the RNA strand one nucleotide away from the RNA-DNA junction [5]. 2. RNA 5′-end directed cleavage 13-19 nucleotides from the RNA end [6,7]. 3. DNA 3′-end directed cleavage 15-20 nucleotides away from the primer terminus [8-10].
Other name(s): RT/RNase H; retroviral reverse transcriptase RNaseH (gene name); HIV RNase H
Comments: Retroviral reverse transcriptase is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for viral replication. To perform this task the enzyme combines two distinct activities. The polymerase domain (EC 2.7.7.49, RNA-directed DNA polymerase) occupies the N-terminal two-thirds of the reverse transcriptase whereas the ribonuclease H domain comprises the C-terminal remaining one-third [13,14]. The RNase H domains of Moloney murine leukemia virus and Human immunodeficiency virus display two metal binding sites [15-17]
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9050-76-4
References:
1.  Schultz, S.J., Zhang, M. and Champoux, J.J. Recognition of internal cleavage sites by retroviral RNases H. J. Mol. Biol. 344 (2004) 635–652. [DOI] [PMID: 15533434]
2.  Sarafianos, S.G., Das, K., Tantillo, C., Clark, A.D., Jr., Ding, J., Whitcomb, J.M., Boyer, P.L., Hughes, S.H. and Arnold, E. Crystal structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complex with a polypurine tract RNA:DNA. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 1449–1461. [DOI] [PMID: 11250910]
3.  Rausch, J.W., Lener, D., Miller, J.T., Julias, J.G., Hughes, S.H. and Le Grice, S.F. Altering the RNase H primer grip of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase modifies cleavage specificity. Biochemistry 41 (2002) 4856–4865. [DOI] [PMID: 11939780]
4.  Brehm, J.H., Mellors, J.W. and Sluis-Cremer, N. Mechanism by which a glutamine to leucine substitution at residue 509 in the ribonuclease H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers zidovudine resistance. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 14020–14027. [DOI] [PMID: 19067547]
5.  Schultz, S.J., Zhang, M., Kelleher, C.D. and Champoux, J.J. Analysis of plus-strand primer selection, removal, and reutilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 32299–32309. [DOI] [PMID: 10913435]
6.  DeStefano, J.J., Mallaber, L.M., Fay, P.J. and Bambara, R.A. Determinants of the RNase H cleavage specificity of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (1993) 4330–4338. [DOI] [PMID: 7692401]
7.  Kati, W.M., Johnson, K.A., Jerva, L.F. and Anderson, K.S. Mechanism and fidelity of HIV reverse transcriptase. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 25988–25997. [PMID: 1281479]
8.  Palaniappan, C., Fuentes, G.M., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L., Fay, P.J. and Bambara, R.A. Helix structure and ends of RNA/DNA hybrids direct the cleavage specificity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase RNase H. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 2063–2070. [DOI] [PMID: 8567660]
9.  Fu, T.B. and Taylor, J. When retroviral reverse transcriptases reach the end of their RNA templates. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 4271–4278. [PMID: 1376369]
10.  Beilhartz, G.L., Wendeler, M., Baichoo, N., Rausch, J., Le Grice, S. and Gotte, M. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase can simultaneously engage its DNA/RNA substrate at both DNA polymerase and RNase H active sites: implications for RNase H inhibition. J. Mol. Biol. 388 (2009) 462–474. [DOI] [PMID: 19289131]
11.  Huang, H., Chopra, R., Verdine, G.L. and Harrison, S.C. Structure of a covalently trapped catalytic complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: implications for drug resistance. Science 282 (1998) 1669–1675. [DOI] [PMID: 9831551]
12.  Krug, M.S. and Berger, S.L. Ribonuclease H activities associated with viral reverse transcriptases are endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 3539–3543. [DOI] [PMID: 2471188]
13.  Champoux, J.J. and Schultz, S.J. Ribonuclease H: properties, substrate specificity and roles in retroviral reverse transcription. FEBS J. 276 (2009) 1506–1516. [DOI] [PMID: 19228195]
14.  Schultz, S.J. and Champoux, J.J. RNase H activity: structure, specificity, and function in reverse transcription. Virus Res. 134 (2008) 86–103. [DOI] [PMID: 18261820]
15.  Goedken, E.R. and Marqusee, S. Metal binding and activation of the ribonuclease H domain from moloney murine leukemia virus. Protein Eng. 12 (1999) 975–980. [DOI] [PMID: 10585503]
16.  Davies, J.F., 2nd, Hostomska, Z., Hostomsky, Z., Jordan, S.R. and Matthews, D.A. Crystal structure of the ribonuclease H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science 252 (1991) 88–95. [DOI] [PMID: 1707186]
17.  Pari, K., Mueller, G.A., DeRose, E.F., Kirby, T.W. and London, R.E. Solution structure of the RNase H domain of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in the presence of magnesium. Biochemistry 42 (2003) 639–650. [DOI] [PMID: 12534276]
[EC 3.1.26.13 created 2009]
 
 


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