The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.1.1.100     
Accepted name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein](ACP) reductase; β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase; β-ketoacyl reductase; β-ketoacyl thioester reductase; β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase; β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase; 3-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase; NADPH-specific 3-oxoacyl-[acylcarrier protein]reductase; 3-oxoacyl-[ACP]reductase; (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Exhibits a marked preference for acyl-carrier-protein derivatives over CoA derivatives as substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37250-34-3
References:
1.  Prescott, D.J. and Vagelos, P.R. Acyl carrier protein. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 36 (1972) 269–311. [DOI] [PMID: 4561013]
2.  Shimakata, T. and Stumpf, P.K. Purification and characterizations of β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-[acylcarrier-protein] dehydrase, and enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218 (1982) 77–91. [DOI] [PMID: 6756317]
3.  Toomey, R.E. and Wakil, S.J. Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. XV. Preparation and general properties of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase from Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 116 (1966) 189–197. [DOI] [PMID: 4381013]
[EC 1.1.1.100 created 1972, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.212     
Accepted name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+
Other name(s): 3-oxoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH); (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the fatty acid synthase system in plants. Can be separated from EC 1.1.1.100, 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 82047-86-7
References:
1.  Caughey, I. and Kekwick, R.G.O. The characteristics of some components of the fatty acid synthetase system in the plastids from the mesocarp of avocado (Persea americana) fruit. Eur. J. Biochem. 123 (1982) 553–561. [DOI] [PMID: 7075600]
[EC 1.1.1.212 created 1986]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.330     
Accepted name: very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase
Reaction: a very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NADP+ = a very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
Glossary: a very-long-chain acyl-CoA = an acyl-CoA thioester where the acyl chain contains 23 or more carbon atoms.
Other name(s): very-long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase; very-long-chain β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase; KCR (gene name); IFA38 (gene name)
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The second component of the elongase, a microsomal protein complex responsible for extending palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA (and modified forms thereof) to very-long-chain acyl CoAs. The enzyme is active with substrates with chain length of C16 to C34, depending on the species. cf. EC 2.3.1.199, very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase, EC 4.2.1.134, very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase, and EC 1.3.1.93, very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Beaudoin, F., Gable, K., Sayanova, O., Dunn, T. and Napier, J.A. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene required for heterologous fatty acid elongase activity encodes a microsomal β-keto-reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 11481–11488. [DOI] [PMID: 11792704]
2.  Han, G., Gable, K., Kohlwein, S.D., Beaudoin, F., Napier, J.A. and Dunn, T.M. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae YBR159w gene encodes the 3-ketoreductase of the microsomal fatty acid elongase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 35440–35449. [DOI] [PMID: 12087109]
3.  Beaudoin, F., Wu, X., Li, F., Haslam, R.P., Markham, J.E., Zheng, H., Napier, J.A. and Kunst, L. Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A reductase candidates of the fatty acid elongase. Plant Physiol. 150 (2009) 1174–1191. [DOI] [PMID: 19439572]
[EC 1.1.1.330 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.80     
Accepted name: long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase
Reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + an [acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)+ = a long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)H + H+
Glossary: a long-chain aldehyde = an aldehyde derived from a fatty acid with an aliphatic chain of 13-22 carbons.
an [acyl-carrier protein] = ACP = [acp]
Other name(s): long-chain acyl-[acp] reductase; fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase; acyl-[acp] reductase
Systematic name: long-chain-aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming)
Comments: Catalyses the reaction in the opposite direction. This enzyme, purified from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, catalyses the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of an activated fatty acid (acyl-[acp]) to the corresponding aldehyde. Together with EC 4.1.99.5, octadecanal decarbonylase, it is involved in alkane biosynthesis. The natural substrates of the enzyme are C16 and C18 activated fatty acids. Requires Mg2+.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Schirmer, A., Rude, M.A., Li, X., Popova, E. and del Cardayre, S.B. Microbial biosynthesis of alkanes. Science 329 (2010) 559–562. [DOI] [PMID: 20671186]
[EC 1.2.1.80 created 2011]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.9     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+
Other name(s): enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase; enoyl-ACP reductase; NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase; NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase; fabI (gene name)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses an essential step in fatty acid biosynthesis, the reduction of the 2,3-double bond in enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] derivatives of the elongating fatty acid moiety. The enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli accepts substrates with carbon chain length from 4 to 18 [3]. The FAS-I enzyme from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis prefers substrates with carbon chain length from 12 to 24 carbons.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-08-4
References:
1.  Shimakata, T. and Stumpf, P.K. Purification and characterizations of β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-[acylcarrier-protein] dehydrase, and enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218 (1982) 77–91. [DOI] [PMID: 6756317]
2.  Weeks, G. and Wakil, S.J. Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. 18. Preparation and general properties of the enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1180–1189. [PMID: 4384650]
3.  Yu, X., Liu, T., Zhu, F. and Khosla, C. In vitro reconstitution and steady-state analysis of the fatty acid synthase from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (2011) 18643–18648. [DOI] [PMID: 22042840]
[EC 1.3.1.9 created 1972, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.10     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase (ambiguous); enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl acyl-carrier-protein reductase (ambiguous); enoyl-ACP reductase (ambiguous); acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific); acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific); enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (Si-specific)
Comments: One of the activities of EC 2.3.1.86, fatty-acyl-CoA synthase system, an enzyme found in yeasts (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). Catalyses the reduction of enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] derivatives of carbon chain length from 4 to 16. The yeast enzyme is Si-specific with respect to NADP+. cf. EC 1.3.1.39, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Re-specific) and EC 1.3.1.104, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH), which describes enzymes whose stereo-specificity towards NADPH is not known. See also EC 1.3.1.9, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-09-5
References:
1.  Seyama, T., Kasama, T., Yamakawa, T., Kawaguchi, A., Saito, K. and Okuda, S. Origin of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acids synthesized with yeast fatty acid synthetase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 82 (1977) 1325–1329. [PMID: 338601]
[EC 1.3.1.10 created 1972, modified 1986, modified 2013, modified 2014, modified 2018]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.39     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Re-specific)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase; enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl-ACp reductase; enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH2, A-specific); acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (A-specific); enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, A-specific); acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (A-specific)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (Re-specific)
Comments: This enzyme completes each cycle of fatty acid elongation by catalysing the stereospecific reduction of the double bond at position 2 of a growing fatty acid chain, while linked to an acyl-carrier protein. It is one of the activities of EC 2.3.1.85, fatty-acid synthase system. The mammalian enzyme is Re-specific with respect to NADP+. cf. EC 1.3.1.10, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific) and EC 1.3.1.104, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Dugan, R.E., Slakey, L.L. and Porter, L.W. Stereospecificity of the transfer of hydrogen from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to the acyl chain in the dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions of fatty acid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 245 (1970) 6312–6316. [PMID: 4394955]
2.  Carlisle-Moore, L., Gordon, C.R., Machutta, C.A., Miller, W.T. and Tonge, P.J. Substrate recognition by the human fatty-acid synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 42612–42618. [DOI] [PMID: 16215233]
[EC 1.3.1.39 created 1986, modified 2013, modified 2018]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.104     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase (ambiguous); enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl-ACP reductase (ambiguous); fabL (gene name)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme completes each cycle of fatty acid elongation by catalysing the stereospecific reduction of the double bond at position 2 of a growing fatty acid chain, while linked to the acyl-carrier protein, in an NADPH-dependent manner. This entry stands for enzymes whose stereo-specificity with respect to NADP+ is not known. [cf. EC 1.3.1.39 enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Re-specific), EC 1.3.1.10, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific) and EC 1.3.1.9, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Heath, R.J., Su, N., Murphy, C.K. and Rock, C.O. The enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductases FabI and FabL from Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 40128–40133. [DOI] [PMID: 11007778]
2.  Kim, K.H., Park, J.K., Ha, B.H., Moon, J.H. and Kim, E.E. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of enoyl-ACP reductase III (FabL) from Bacillus subtilis. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 63 (2007) 246–248. [DOI] [PMID: 17329825]
3.  Kim, K.H., Ha, B.H., Kim, S.J., Hong, S.K., Hwang, K.Y. and Kim, E.E. Crystal structures of Enoyl-ACP reductases I (FabI) and III (FabL) from B. subtilis. J. Mol. Biol. 406 (2011) 403–415. [DOI] [PMID: 21185310]
[EC 1.3.1.104 created 2013]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.46     
Accepted name: pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase
Reaction: a long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + 2 reduced flavodoxin + 3 O2 = pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + an n-alkanal + 2 oxidized flavodoxin + 3 H2O (overall reaction)
(1a) a long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced flavodoxin + O2 = a (7S)-7-hydroxy-long-chain-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + oxidized flavodoxin + H2O
(1b) a (7S)-7-hydroxy-long-chain-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced flavodoxin + O2 = a (7R,8R)-7,8-dihydroxy-long-chain-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + oxidized flavodoxin + H2O
(1c) a (7R,8R)-7,8-dihydroxy-long-chain-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced flavodoxin + O2 = a 7-oxoheptanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + an n-alkanal + oxidized flavodoxin + 2 H2O
(1d) a 7-oxoheptanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + oxidized flavodoxin + H2O = a pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced flavodoxin + H+
Glossary: a long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] thioester where the acyl chain contains 13 to 22 carbon atoms.
palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = hexadecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]
pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 6-carboxyhexanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): bioI (gene name); P450BioI; CYP107H1
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein],reduced-flavodoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming)
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme catalyses an oxidative C-C bond cleavage of long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]s of various lengths to generate pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein], an intermediate in the biosynthesis of biotin. The preferred substrate of the enzyme from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis is palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] which then gives heptanal as the alkanal. The mechanism is similar to EC 1.14.15.6, cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving), followed by a hydroxylation step, which may occur spontaneously [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Stok, J.E. and De Voss, J. Expression, purification, and characterization of BioI: a carbon-carbon bond cleaving cytochrome P450 involved in biotin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 384 (2000) 351–360. [DOI] [PMID: 11368323]
2.  Cryle, M.J. and De Voss, J.J. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage by cytochrome p450(BioI)(CYP107H1). Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (2004) 86–87. [DOI] [PMID: 14737344]
3.  Cryle, M.J. and Schlichting, I. Structural insights from a P450 Carrier Protein complex reveal how specificity is achieved in the P450(BioI) ACP complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008) 15696–15701. [DOI] [PMID: 18838690]
4.  Cryle, M.J. Selectivity in a barren landscape: the P450(BioI)-ACP complex. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 38 (2010) 934–939. [DOI] [PMID: 20658980]
[EC 1.14.14.46 created 2013 as EC 1.14.15.12, transferred 2017 to EC 1.14.14.46]
 
 
EC 1.14.15.12      
Transferred entry: pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.46, pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase
[EC 1.14.15.12 created 2013, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.14.19.2     
Accepted name: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase
Reaction: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O
Other name(s): stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase; stearyl-ACP desaturase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase; acyl-[acyl-carrier protein],hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein],reduced ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (9,10 cis-dehydrogenating)
Comments: The enzyme is found in the lumen of plastids, where de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids occurs, and acts on freshly synthesized saturated fatty acids that are still linked to acyl-carrier protein. The enzyme determines the position of the double bond by its distance from the carboxylic acid end of the fatty acid. It also acts on palmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] [4,5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37256-86-3
References:
1.  Jaworski, J.G. and Stumpf, P.K. Fat metabolism in higher plants. Properties of a soluble stearyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from maturing Carthamus tinctorius. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162 (1974) 158–165. [DOI] [PMID: 4831331]
2.  Nagai, J. and Bloch, K. Enzymatic desaturation of stearyl acyl carrier protein. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 4626–4633. [PMID: 4300868]
3.  Shanklin, J. and Somerville, C. Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase from higher plants is structurally unrelated to the animal and fungal homologs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 2510–2514. [DOI] [PMID: 2006187]
4.  Cahoon, E.B., Lindqvist, Y., Schneider, G. and Shanklin, J. Redesign of soluble fatty acid desaturases from plants for altered substrate specificity and double bond position. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 4872–4877. [DOI] [PMID: 9144157]
5.  Cao, Y., Xian, M., Yang, J., Xu, X., Liu, W. and Li, L. Heterologous expression of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (S-ACP-DES) from Arabidopsis thaliana in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr. Purif. 69 (2010) 209–214. [DOI] [PMID: 19716420]
[EC 1.14.19.2 created 1972 as EC 1.14.99.6, modified 2000, transferred 2000 to EC 1.14.19.2, modified 2015]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.15     
Accepted name: glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
Reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Other name(s): α-glycerophosphate acyltransferase; 3-glycerophosphate acyltransferase; ACP:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase; glycerol phosphate acyltransferase; glycerol phosphate transacylase; glycerophosphate acyltransferase; glycerophosphate transacylase; sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
Comments: Acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] can also act as acyl donor. The enzyme acts only on derivatives of fatty acids of chain length larger than C10.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-96-3
References:
1.  Bertrams, M. and Heinz, E. Positional specificity and fatty-acid selectivity of purified sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases from chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 68 (1981) 653–657. [PMID: 16661974]
2.  Frentzen, M., Heinz, E., McKeon, T.A. and Stumpf, P.K. Specificities and selectivities of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from pea and spinach chloroplasts. Eur. J. Biochem. 129 (1983) 629–636. [DOI] [PMID: 6825679]
3.  Green, P.R., Merrill, A.H. and Bell, R.M. Membrane phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. Purification, reconstitution, and characterization of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 11151–11159. [PMID: 6350296]
4.  Yamashita, S. and Numa, N. Partial purification and properties of glycerophosphate acyltransferase from rat liver. Formation of 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and palmityl coenzyme A. Eur. J. Biochem. 31 (1972) 565–573. [DOI] [PMID: 4650158]
[EC 2.3.1.15 created 1961, modified 1976, modified 1990]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.40     
Accepted name: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—phospholipid O-acyltransferase
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = an [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine
Other name(s): acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-ethanolamine O-acyltransferase
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine O-acyltransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37257-18-4
References:
1.  Taylor, S.S. and Heath, E.C. The incorporation of β-hydroxy fatty acids into a phospholipid of Escherichia coli B. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 6605–6616. [PMID: 4902888]
[EC 2.3.1.40 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.41     
Accepted name: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + an [acyl-carrier protein]
Glossary: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = R-CO-[acyl-carrier protein]
malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = HOOC-CH2-CO-[acyl-carrier protein]
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = R-CO-CH2-CO-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I; β-ketoacyl synthetase; β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase; β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase; β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase; β-ketoacylsynthase; condensing enzyme (ambiguous); 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase; fatty acid condensing enzyme; acyl-malonyl(acyl-carrier-protein)-condensing enzyme; acyl-malonyl acyl carrier protein-condensing enzyme; β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase; 3-oxoacyl:ACP synthase I; KASI; KAS I; FabF1; FabB; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:malonyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating)
Comments: This enzyme is responsible for the chain-elongation step of dissociated (type II) fatty-acid biosynthesis, i.e. the addition of two C atoms to the fatty-acid chain. Escherichia coli mutants that lack this enzyme are deficient in unsaturated fatty acids. The enzyme can use fatty acyl thioesters of ACP (C2 to C16) as substrates, as well as fatty acyl thioesters of Co-A (C4 to C16) [4]. The substrate specificity is very similar to that of EC 2.3.1.179, β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, with the exception that the latter enzyme is far more active with palmitoleoyl-ACP (C16Δ9) as substrate, allowing the organism to regulate its fatty-acid composition with changes in temperature [4,5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9077-10-5
References:
1.  Alberts, A.W., Majerus, P.W. and Vagelos, P.R. Acetyl-CoA acyl carrier protein transacylase. Methods Enzymol. 14 (1969) 50–53. [DOI]
2.  Prescott, D.J. and Vagelos, P.R. Acyl carrier protein. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 36 (1972) 269–311. [DOI] [PMID: 4561013]
3.  Toomey, R.E. and Wakil, S.J. Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. XVI. Preparation and general properties of acyl-malonyl acyl carrier protein-condensing enzyme from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 1159–1165. [PMID: 5327099]
4.  D'Agnolo, G., Rosenfeld, I.S. and Vagelos, P.R. Multiple forms of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1975) 5289–5294. [PMID: 237914]
5.  Garwin, J.L., Klages, A.L. and Cronan, J.E., Jr.. Structural, enzymatic, and genetic studies of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases I and II of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 11949–11956. [PMID: 7002930]
6.  Wang, H. and Cronan, J.E. Functional replacement of the FabA and FabB proteins of Escherichia coli fatty acid synthesis by Enterococcus faecalis FabZ and FabF homologues. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 34489–34495. [DOI] [PMID: 15194690]
7.  Cronan, J.E., Jr. and Rock, C.O. Biosynthesis of membrane lipids. In: Neidhardt, F.C. (Ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd edn, vol. 1, ASM Press, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 612–636.
[EC 2.3.1.41 created 1972, modified 2006]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.51     
Accepted name: 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
Reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Other name(s): 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase; 1-acylglycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase; 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase; 1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase; lysophosphatidic acid-acyltransferase
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase
Comments: Acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] can also act as an acyl donor. The animal enzyme is specific for the transfer of unsaturated fatty acyl groups.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 51901-16-7
References:
1.  Frentzen, M., Heinz, E., McKeon, T.A. and Stumpf, P.K. Specificities and selectivities of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from pea and spinach chloroplasts. Eur. J. Biochem. 129 (1983) 629–636. [DOI] [PMID: 6825679]
2.  Hill, E.E. and Lands, W.E.M. Incorporation of long-chain and polyunsaturated acids into phosphatidate and phosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 152 (1968) 645–648. [DOI] [PMID: 5661029]
3.  Yamashita, S., Hosaka, K. and Numa, S. Acyl-donor specificities of partially purified 1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase, 2-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase from rat-liver microsomes. Eur. J. Biochem. 38 (1973) 25–31. [DOI] [PMID: 4774123]
[EC 2.3.1.51 created 1976, modified 1990]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.129     
Accepted name: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine = an [acyl-carrier protein] + a UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine
For diagram of lipid IVA biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): lpxA (gene name); UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase; uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase; (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)transferase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine 3-O-(3-hydroxyacyl)transferase
Comments: Involved with EC 2.4.1.182, lipid-A-disaccharide synthase, and EC 2.7.1.130, tetraacyldisaccharide 4′-kinase, in the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated glycolipid, Lipid A, in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 105843-69-4
References:
1.  Anderson, M.S., Bulawa, C.E. and Raetz, C.R.H. The biosynthesis of gram-negative endotoxin. Formation of lipid A precursors from UDP-GlcNAc in extracts of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 15536–15541. [PMID: 3905795]
2.  Anderson, M.S., Bull, H.G., Galloway, S.M., Kelly, T.M., Mohan, S., Radika, K. and Raetz, C.R. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase of Escherichia coli. The first step of endotoxin biosynthesis is thermodynamically unfavorable. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 19858–19865. [PMID: 8366124]
3.  Raetz, C.R. and Roderick, S.L. A left-handed parallel β helix in the structure of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase. Science 270 (1995) 997–1000. [DOI] [PMID: 7481807]
4.  Williams, A.H. and Raetz, C.R. Structural basis for the acyl chain selectivity and mechanism of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 13543–13550. [DOI] [PMID: 17698807]
5.  Bainbridge, B.W., Karimi-Naser, L., Reife, R., Blethen, F., Ernst, R.K. and Darveau, R.P. Acyl chain specificity of the acyltransferases LpxA and LpxD and substrate availability contribute to lipid A fatty acid heterogeneity in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 4549–4558. [DOI] [PMID: 18456814]
[EC 2.3.1.129 created 1990, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.141     
Accepted name: galactosylacylglycerol O-acyltransferase
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + a 2-acyl-3-O-(β-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol = an [acyl-carrier protein] + a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(β-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
Other name(s): acyl-acyl-carrier protein: lysomonogalactosyldiacylglycerol acyltransferase; acyl-ACP:lyso-MGDG acyltransferase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:D-galactosylacylglycerol O-acyltransferase
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:2-acyl-3-O-(β-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase
Comments: Transfers long-chain acyl groups to the sn-1 position of the glycerol residue.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 119129-68-9
References:
1.  Chen, H.-H., Wickrema, A. and Jaworski, J.G. Acyl-acyl-carrier protein: lysomonogalactosyldiacylglycerol acyltransferase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 963 (1988) 493–500. [DOI] [PMID: 3143419]
[EC 2.3.1.141 created 1992]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.184     
Accepted name: acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an [acyl-carrier protein] + S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine + an N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone
For diagram of reaction, click here
Other name(s): acyl-homoserine lactone synthase; acyl homoserine lactone synthase; acyl-homoserinelactone synthase; acylhomoserine lactone synthase; AHL synthase; AHS; AHSL synthase; AhyI; AinS; AinS protein; autoinducer synthase; autoinducer synthesis protein rhlI; EsaI; ExpISCC1; ExpISCC3065; LasI; LasR; LuxI; LuxI protein; LuxM; N-acyl homoserine lactone synthase; RhlI; YspI ; acyl-[acyl carrier protein]:S-adenosyl-L-methionine acyltranserase (lactone-forming, methylthioadenosine-releasing)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:S-adenosyl-L-methionine acyltranserase (lactone-forming, methylthioadenosine-releasing)
Comments: Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are produced by a number of bacterial species and are used by them to regulate the expression of virulence genes in a process known as quorum-sensing. Each bacterial cell has a basal level of AHL and, once the population density reaches a critical level, it triggers AHL-signalling which, in turn, initiates the expression of particular virulence genes [5]. N-(3-Oxohexanoyl)-[acyl-carrier protein] and hexanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] are the best substrates [1]. The fatty-acyl substrate is derived from fatty-acid biosynthesis through acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] rather than from fatty-acid degradation through acyl-CoA [1]. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine cannot be replaced by methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, homoserine or homoserine lactone [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 176023-66-8
References:
1.  Schaefer, A.L., Val, D.L., Hanzelka, B.L., Cronan, J.E., Jr. and Greenberg, E.P. Generation of cell-to-cell signals in quorum sensing: acyl homoserine lactone synthase activity of a purified Vibrio fischeri LuxI protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 9505–9509. [DOI] [PMID: 8790360]
2.  Watson, W.T., Murphy, F.V., 4th, Gould, T.A., Jambeck, P., Val, D.L., Cronan, J.E., Jr., Beck von Bodman, S. and Churchill, M.E. Crystallization and rhenium MAD phasing of the acyl-homoserinelactone synthase EsaI. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 57 (2001) 1945–1949. [PMID: 11717525]
3.  Chakrabarti, S. and Sowdhamini, R. Functional sites and evolutionary connections of acylhomoserine lactone synthases. Protein Eng. 16 (2003) 271–278. [PMID: 12736370]
4.  Hanzelka, B.L., Parsek, M.R., Val, D.L., Dunlap, P.V., Cronan, J.E., Jr. and Greenberg, E.P. Acylhomoserine lactone synthase activity of the Vibrio fischeri AinS protein. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 5766–5770. [PMID: 10482519]
5.  Parsek, M.R., Val, D.L., Hanzelka, B.L., Cronan, J.E., Jr. and Greenberg, E.P. Acyl homoserine-lactone quorum-sensing signal generation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 4360–4365. [DOI] [PMID: 10200267]
6.  Ulrich, R.L. Quorum quenching: enzymatic disruption of N-acylhomoserine lactone-mediated bacterial communication in Burkholderia thailandensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 6173–6180. [DOI] [PMID: 15466564]
7.  Gould, T.A., Schweizer, H.P. and Churchill, M.E. Structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa acyl-homoserinelactone synthase LasI. Mol. Microbiol. 53 (2004) 1135–1146. [DOI] [PMID: 15306017]
8.  Raychaudhuri, A., Jerga, A. and Tipton, P.A. Chemical mechanism and substrate specificity of RhlI, an acylhomoserine lactone synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 2974–2981. [DOI] [PMID: 15723540]
9.  Gould, T.A., Herman, J., Krank, J., Murphy, R.C. and Churchill, M.E. Specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone synthases examined by mass spectrometry. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 773–783. [DOI] [PMID: 16385066]
[EC 2.3.1.184 created 2007]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.191     
Accepted name: UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxyacyl)glucosamine N-acyltransferase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + a UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-α-D-glucosamine = a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-α-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
For diagram of lipid IVA biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): lpxD (gene name); UDP-3-O-acyl-glucosamine N-acyltransferase; UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase; acyltransferase LpxD; acyl-ACP:UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxyacyl)-GlcN N-acyltransferase; firA (gene name); (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosamine N-acetyltransferase; UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine N-acyltransferase; (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine N-acetyltransferase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-α-D-glucosamine N-acyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses a step of lipid A biosynthesis. LpxD from Escherichia coli prefers (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] [3], but it does not have an absolute specificity for 14-carbon hydroxy fatty acids, as it can transfer other fatty acids, including odd-chain fatty acids, if they are available to the organism [5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Kelly, T.M., Stachula, S.A., Raetz, C.R. and Anderson, M.S. The firA gene of Escherichia coli encodes UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase. The third step of endotoxin biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 19866–19874. [PMID: 8366125]
2.  Buetow, L., Smith, T.K., Dawson, A., Fyffe, S. and Hunter, W.N. Structure and reactivity of LpxD, the N-acyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 4321–4326. [DOI] [PMID: 17360522]
3.  Bartling, C.M. and Raetz, C.R. Steady-state kinetics and mechanism of LpxD, the N-acyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 5290–5302. [DOI] [PMID: 18422345]
4.  Bainbridge, B.W., Karimi-Naser, L., Reife, R., Blethen, F., Ernst, R.K. and Darveau, R.P. Acyl chain specificity of the acyltransferases LpxA and LpxD and substrate availability contribute to lipid A fatty acid heterogeneity in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 4549–4558. [DOI] [PMID: 18456814]
5.  Bartling, C.M. and Raetz, C.R. Crystal structure and acyl chain selectivity of Escherichia coli LpxD, the N-acyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis. Biochemistry 48 (2009) 8672–8683. [DOI] [PMID: 19655786]
6.  Badger, J., Chie-Leon, B., Logan, C., Sridhar, V., Sankaran, B., Zwart, P.H. and Nienaber, V. Structure determination of LpxD from the lipopolysaccharide-synthesis pathway of Acinetobacter baumannii. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 69 (2013) 6–9. [DOI] [PMID: 23295477]
7.  Kroeck, K.G., Sacco, M.D., Smith, E.W., Zhang, X., Shoun, D., Akhtar, A., Darch, S.E., Cohen, F., Andrews, L.D., Knox, J.E. and Chen, Y. Discovery of dual-activity small-molecule ligands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxA and LpxD using SPR and X-ray crystallography. Sci. Rep. 9:15450 (2019). [DOI] [PMID: 31664082]
[EC 2.3.1.191 created 2010, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.199     
Accepted name: very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase
Reaction: a very-long-chain acyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA = a very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA
Glossary: a very-long-chain acyl-CoA = an acyl-CoA thioester where the acyl chain contains 23 or more carbon atoms.
Other name(s): very-long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase; very-long-chain β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase; condensing enzyme (ambiguous); CUT1 (gene name); CER6 (gene name); FAE1 (gene name); KCS (gene name); ELO (gene name)
Systematic name: malonyl-CoA:very-long-chain acyl-CoA malonyltransferase (decarboxylating and thioester-hydrolysing)
Comments: This is the first component of the elongase, a microsomal protein complex responsible for extending palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA (and modified forms thereof) to very-long-chain acyl CoAs. Multiple forms exist with differing preferences for the substrate, and thus the specific form expressed determines the local composition of very-long-chain fatty acids [6,7]. For example, the FAE1 form from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana accepts only 16 and 18 carbon substrates, with oleoyl-CoA (18:1) being the preferred substrate [5], while CER6 from the same plant prefers substrates with chain length of C22 to C32 [4,8]. cf. EC 1.1.1.330, very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase, EC 4.2.1.134, very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase, and EC 1.3.1.93, very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Toke, D.A. and Martin, C.E. Isolation and characterization of a gene affecting fatty acid elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 18413–18422. [DOI] [PMID: 8702485]
2.  Oh, C.S., Toke, D.A., Mandala, S. and Martin, C.E. ELO2 and ELO3, homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ELO1 gene, function in fatty acid elongation and are required for sphingolipid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 17376–17384. [DOI] [PMID: 9211877]
3.  Dittrich, F., Zajonc, D., Huhne, K., Hoja, U., Ekici, A., Greiner, E., Klein, H., Hofmann, J., Bessoule, J.J., Sperling, P. and Schweizer, E. Fatty acid elongation in yeast--biochemical characteristics of the enzyme system and isolation of elongation-defective mutants. Eur. J. Biochem. 252 (1998) 477–485. [DOI] [PMID: 9546663]
4.  Millar, A.A., Clemens, S., Zachgo, S., Giblin, E.M., Taylor, D.C. and Kunst, L. CUT1, an Arabidopsis gene required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility, encodes a very-long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme. Plant Cell 11 (1999) 825–838. [PMID: 10330468]
5.  Ghanevati, M. and Jaworski, J.G. Engineering and mechanistic studies of the Arabidopsis FAE1 β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, FAE1 KCS. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2002) 3531–3539. [DOI] [PMID: 12135493]
6.  Blacklock, B.J. and Jaworski, J.G. Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346 (2006) 583–590. [DOI] [PMID: 16765910]
7.  Denic, V. and Weissman, J.S. A molecular caliper mechanism for determining very long-chain fatty acid length. Cell 130 (2007) 663–677. [DOI] [PMID: 17719544]
8.  Tresch, S., Heilmann, M., Christiansen, N., Looser, R. and Grossmann, K. Inhibition of saturated very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis by mefluidide and perfluidone, selective inhibitors of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Phytochemistry 76 (2012) 162–171. [DOI] [PMID: 22284369]
[EC 2.3.1.199 created 2012]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.241     
Accepted name: Kdo2-lipid IVA acyltransferase
Reaction: a fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-[lipid IVA] = an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)-[lipid IVA] + an [acyl-carrier protein]
For diagram of Kdo-Kdo-Lipid IVA metabolism, click here
Glossary: Kdo = 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosylonic acid
a lipid IVA = 2-deoxy-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-4-O-phospho-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-deoxy-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-1-O-phospho-α-D-glucopyranose
an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)-[lipid IVA] = 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→4)-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→6)-2-deoxy-2-{[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]amino}-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-4-O-phospho-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-deoxy-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-1-O-phosphono-α-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): LpxL; htrB (gene name); dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-lipid IVA O-dodecanoyltransferase; lauroyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:Kdo2-lipid IVA O-lauroyltransferase; (Kdo)2-lipid IVA lauroyltransferase; α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-(2→6)-lipid IVA lauroyltransferase; dodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:Kdo2-lipid IVA O-dodecanoyltransferase; Kdo2-lipid IVA lauroyltransferase
Systematic name: fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-[lipid IVA] O-acyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated outer membrane glycolipid lipid A. It transfers an acyl group to the 3-O position of the 3R-hydroxyacyl already attached to the nitrogen of the non-reducing glucosamine molecule. The enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli is specific for lauryl (C12) acyl groups, giving the enzyme its previous accepted name. However, enzymes from different species accept highly variable substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Clementz, T., Bednarski, J.J. and Raetz, C.R. Function of the htrB high temperature requirement gene of Escherichia coli in the acylation of lipid A: HtrB catalyzed incorporation of laurate. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 12095–12102. [DOI] [PMID: 8662613]
2.  van der Ley, P., Steeghs, L., Hamstra, H.J., ten Hove, J., Zomer, B. and van Alphen, L. Modification of lipid A biosynthesis in Neisseria meningitidis lpxL mutants: influence on lipopolysaccharide structure, toxicity, and adjuvant activity. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 5981–5990. [DOI] [PMID: 11553534]
3.  McLendon, M.K., Schilling, B., Hunt, J.R., Apicella, M.A. and Gibson, B.W. Identification of LpxL, a late acyltransferase of Francisella tularensis. Infect. Immun. 75 (2007) 5518–5531. [DOI] [PMID: 17724076]
4.  Six, D.A., Carty, S.M., Guan, Z. and Raetz, C.R. Purification and mutagenesis of LpxL, the lauroyltransferase of Escherichia coli lipid A biosynthesis. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 8623–8637. [DOI] [PMID: 18656959]
5.  Fathy Mohamed, Y., Hamad, M., Ortega, X.P. and Valvano, M.A. The LpxL acyltransferase is required for normal growth and penta-acylation of lipid A in Burkholderia cenocepacia. Mol. Microbiol. 104 (2017) 144–162. [DOI] [PMID: 28085228]
[EC 2.3.1.241 created 2014, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.243     
Accepted name: acyl-Kdo2-lipid IVA acyltransferase
Reaction: a fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)-[lipid IVA] = an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)2-[lipid IVA] + an [acyl-carrier protein]
For diagram of Kdo-Kdo-Lipid IVA metabolism, click here
Glossary: Kdo = 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosylonic acid
a lipid IVA = 2-deoxy-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-4-O-phospho-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-deoxy-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-1-O-phospho-α-D-glucopyranose
an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)-[lipid IVA] = 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→4)-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→6)-2-deoxy-2-{[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]amino}-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-4-O-phospho-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-deoxy-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-1-O-phosphono-α-D-glucopyranose
an α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)2-[lipid IVA] = 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→4)-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosyl-(2→6)-2-deoxy-2-{[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]amino}-3-O-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-4-O-phospho-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-deoxy-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-2-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-1-O-phospho-α-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): lpxM (gene name); MsbB acyltransferase; myristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(dodecanoyl)-lipid IVA O-myristoyltransferase; tetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:dodecanoyl-Kdo2-lipid IVA O-tetradecanoyltransferase; lauroyl-Kdo2-lipid IVA myristoyltransferase
Systematic name: fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:α-Kdo-(2→4)-α-Kdo-(2→6)-(acyl)-[lipid IVA] O-acyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the phosphorylated outer membrane glycolipid lipid A. It transfers an acyl group to the 3-O position of the 3R-hydroxyacyl already attached at the 2-O position of the non-reducing glucosamine molecule. The enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli is specific for myristoyl (C14) acyl groups, giving the enzyme its previous accepted name. However, enzymes from different species accept highly variable substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Clementz, T., Zhou, Z. and Raetz, C.R. Function of the Escherichia coli msbB gene, a multicopy suppressor of htrB knockouts, in the acylation of lipid A. Acylation by MsbB follows laurate incorporation by HtrB. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 10353–10360. [DOI] [PMID: 9099672]
2.  Dovala, D., Rath, C.M., Hu, Q., Sawyer, W.S., Shia, S., Elling, R.A., Knapp, M.S. and Metzger, L.E., 4th. Structure-guided enzymology of the lipid A acyltransferase LpxM reveals a dual activity mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 (2016) E6064–E6071. [DOI] [PMID: 27681620]
[EC 2.3.1.243 created 2014, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.270     
Accepted name: lyso-ornithine lipid O-acyltransferase
Reaction: a lyso-ornithine lipid + an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = an ornithine lipid + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
Glossary: a lyso-ornithine lipid = an Nα-[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]-L-ornithine
an ornithine lipid = an Nα-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-L-ornithine
Other name(s): olsA (gene name)
Systematic name: Nα-[(3R)-hydroxy-acyl]-L-ornithine O-acyltransferase
Comments: This bacterial enzyme catalyses the second step in the formation of ornithine lipids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Weissenmayer, B., Gao, J.L., Lopez-Lara, I.M. and Geiger, O. Identification of a gene required for the biosynthesis of ornithine-derived lipids. Mol. Microbiol. 45 (2002) 721–733. [PMID: 12139618]
2.  Aygun-Sunar, S., Bilaloglu, R., Goldfine, H. and Daldal, F. Rhodobacter capsulatus OlsA is a bifunctional enzyme active in both ornithine lipid and phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 8564–8574. [PMID: 17921310]
3.  Lewenza, S., Falsafi, R., Bains, M., Rohs, P., Stupak, J., Sprott, G.D. and Hancock, R.E. The olsA gene mediates the synthesis of an ornithine lipid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions, but is not involved in antimicrobial peptide susceptibility. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 320 (2011) 95–102. [DOI] [PMID: 21535098]
[EC 2.3.1.270 created 2018]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.274     
Accepted name: phosphate acyltransferase
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + phosphate = an acyl phosphate + an [acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): plsX (gene name); acyl-ACP phosphotransacylase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—phosphate acyltransferase; phosphate-acyl-ACP acyltransferase
Systematic name: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:phosphate acyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, found in bacteria, catalyses the synthesis of fatty acyl-phosphate from acyl-[acyl-carrier protein], a step in the most widely distributed bacterial pathway for the initiation of phospholipid formation. While the activity is modestly enhanced by Mg2+, the enzyme does not require a divalent cation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Lu, Y.J., Zhang, Y.M., Grimes, K.D., Qi, J., Lee, R.E. and Rock, C.O. Acyl-phosphates initiate membrane phospholipid synthesis in Gram-positive pathogens. Mol. Cell 23 (2006) 765–772. [PMID: 16949372]
2.  Yoshimura, M., Oshima, T. and Ogasawara, N. Involvement of the YneS/YgiH and PlsX proteins in phospholipid biosynthesis in both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol. 7:69 (2007). [PMID: 17645809]
3.  Kim, Y., Li, H., Binkowski, T.A., Holzle, D. and Joachimiak, A. Crystal structure of fatty acid/phospholipid synthesis protein PlsX from Enterococcus faecalis. J Struct Funct Genomics 10 (2009) 157–163. [PMID: 19058030]
4.  Kaczmarzyk, D., Cengic, I., Yao, L. and Hudson, E.P. Diversion of the long-chain acyl-ACP pool in Synechocystis to fatty alcohols through CRISPRi repression of the essential phosphate acyltransferase PlsX. Metab. Eng. 45 (2018) 59–66. [PMID: 29199103]
[EC 2.3.1.274 created 2018]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.277     
Accepted name: 2-oxo-3-(phosphooxy)propyl 3-oxoalkanoate synthase
Reaction: a medium-chain 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + glycerone phosphate = 2-oxo-3-(phosphooxy)propyl 3-oxoalkanoate + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
Glossary: glycerone phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate = 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate
Other name(s): afsA (gene name); scbA (gene name); barX (gene name)
Systematic name: 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:glycerone phosphate 3-oxonacylltransferase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of γ-butyrolactone autoregulators that control secondary metabolism and morphological development in Streptomyces bacteria.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Horinouchi, S., Suzuki, H., Nishiyama, M. and Beppu, T. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the Streptomyces griseus gene (afsA) responsible for A-factor biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 171 (1989) 1206–1210. [PMID: 2492509]
2.  Kato, J.Y., Funa, N., Watanabe, H., Ohnishi, Y. and Horinouchi, S. Biosynthesis of γ-butyrolactone autoregulators that switch on secondary metabolism and morphological development in Streptomyces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 2378–2383. [DOI] [PMID: 17277085]
3.  Hsiao, N.H., Soding, J., Linke, D., Lange, C., Hertweck, C., Wohlleben, W. and Takano, E. ScbA from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has homology to fatty acid synthases and is able to synthesize γ-butyrolactones. Microbiology 153 (2007) 1394–1404. [PMID: 17464053]
4.  Lee, Y.J., Kitani, S. and Nihira, T. Null mutation analysis of an afsA-family gene, barX, that is involved in biosynthesis of the γ-butyrolactone autoregulator in Streptomyces virginiae. Microbiology 156 (2010) 206–210. [PMID: 19778967]
[EC 2.3.1.277 created 2018]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.293     
Accepted name: meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase I
Reaction: an ultra-long-chain mono-unsaturated acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = an ultra-long-chain mono-unsaturated 3-oxo-fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): kasA (gene name); β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase KasA
Systematic name: ultra-long-chain mono-unsaturated fattyl acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme is part of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) II system of mycobacteria, which extends modified products of the FAS I system, eventually forming meromycolic acids that are incorporated into mycolic acids. Meromycolic acids consist of a long chain, typically 50-60 carbons, which is functionalized by different groups.Two 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthases function within the FAS II system, encoded by the kasA and kasB genes. The two enzymes share some sequence identity but function independently on separate sets of substrates. KasA differs from KasB [EC 2.3.1.294, meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase II], by preferring shorter (C-22 to C-36) and more saturated (only one double bond) substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Schaeffer, M.L., Agnihotri, G., Volker, C., Kallender, H., Brennan, P.J. and Lonsdale, J.T. Purification and biochemical characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases KasA and KasB. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 47029–47037. [PMID: 11600501]
2.  Bhatt, A., Kremer, L., Dai, A.Z., Sacchettini, J.C. and Jacobs, W.R., Jr. Conditional depletion of KasA, a key enzyme of mycolic acid biosynthesis, leads to mycobacterial cell lysis. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 7596–7606. [PMID: 16267284]
3.  Luckner, S.R., Machutta, C.A., Tonge, P.J. and Kisker, C. Crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis KasA show mode of action within cell wall biosynthesis and its inhibition by thiolactomycin. Structure 17 (2009) 1004–1013. [PMID: 19604480]
[EC 2.3.1.293 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.294     
Accepted name: meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase II
Reaction: an ultra-long-chain di-unsaturated acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = an ultra-long-chain di-unsaturated 3-oxo-fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): kasB (gene name); β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase KasB
Systematic name: ultra-long-chain di-unsaturated fattyl acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme is part of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) II system of mycobacteria, which extends modified products of the FAS I system, eventually forming meromycolic acids that are incorporated into mycolic acids. Meromycolic acids consist of a long chain, typically 50-60 carbons, which is functionalized by different groups.Two 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthases function within the FAS II system, encoded by the kasA and kasB genes. The two enzymes share some sequence identity but function independently on separate sets of substrates. KasB differs from KasA (EC 2.3.1.293, meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase I), by preferring longer substrates (closer to the upper limit), which also contain two double bonds.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Schaeffer, M.L., Agnihotri, G., Volker, C., Kallender, H., Brennan, P.J. and Lonsdale, J.T. Purification and biochemical characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases KasA and KasB. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 47029–47037. [PMID: 11600501]
2.  Gao, L.Y., Laval, F., Lawson, E.H., Groger, R.K., Woodruff, A., Morisaki, J.H., Cox, J.S., Daffe, M. and Brown, E.J. Requirement for kasB in Mycobacterium mycolic acid biosynthesis, cell wall impermeability and intracellular survival: implications for therapy. Mol. Microbiol. 49 (2003) 1547–1563. [PMID: 12950920]
3.  Molle, V., Brown, A.K., Besra, G.S., Cozzone, A.J. and Kremer, L. The condensing activities of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis type II fatty acid synthase are differentially regulated by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 30094–30103. [PMID: 16873379]
4.  Bhatt, A., Fujiwara, N., Bhatt, K., Gurcha, S.S., Kremer, L., Chen, B., Chan, J., Porcelli, S.A., Kobayashi, K., Besra, G.S. and Jacobs, W.R., Jr. Deletion of kasB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes loss of acid-fastness and subclinical latent tuberculosis in immunocompetent mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 5157–5162. [PMID: 17360388]
5.  Yamada, H., Bhatt, A., Danev, R., Fujiwara, N., Maeda, S., Mitarai, S., Chikamatsu, K., Aono, A., Nitta, K., Jacobs, W.R., Jr. and Nagayama, K. Non-acid-fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Δ kasB mutant correlates with the cell envelope electron density. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 92 (2012) 351–357. [PMID: 22516756]
6.  Vilcheze, C., Molle, V., Carrere-Kremer, S., Leiba, J., Mourey, L., Shenai, S., Baronian, G., Tufariello, J., Hartman, T., Veyron-Churlet, R., Trivelli, X., Tiwari, S., Weinrick, B., Alland, D., Guerardel, Y., Jacobs, W.R., Jr. and Kremer, L. Phosphorylation of KasB regulates virulence and acid-fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog. 10:e1004115 (2014). [PMID: 24809459]
[EC 2.3.1.294 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.305     
Accepted name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]—UDP-2-acetamido-3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose N-acyltransferase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-2-acetamido-3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose = an [acyl-carrier protein] + a UDP-2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-3-{[(3R)-3-hydroxyacyl]amino}-α-D-glucopyranose
Other name(s): lpxA (gene name) (ambiguous)
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:UDP-2-acetamido-3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose 3-N-[(3R)-hydroxyacyl]transferase
Comments: The enzyme is found in bacterial species whose lipid A contains 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucopyranose. Some enzymes, such as that from Leptospira interrogans, are highly specific for 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucopyranose, while others, such as the enzyme from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, are also able to accept UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (cf. EC 2.3.1.129, acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase). The enzymes from different organisms also differ in their specificity for the acyl donor. The enzyme from Leptospira interrogans is highly specific for (3R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp], while that from Mesorhizobium loti functions almost equally well with 10-, 12-, and 14-carbon 3-hydroxyacyl-[acp]s.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Sweet, C.R., Williams, A.H., Karbarz, M.J., Werts, C., Kalb, S.R., Cotter, R.J. and Raetz, C.R. Enzymatic synthesis of lipid A molecules with four amide-linked acyl chains. LpxA acyltransferases selective for an analog of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in which an amine replaces the 3"-hydroxyl group. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 25411–25419. [DOI] [PMID: 15044493]
2.  Robins, L.I., Williams, A.H. and Raetz, C.R. Structural basis for the sugar nucleotide and acyl-chain selectivity of Leptospira interrogans LpxA. Biochemistry 48 (2009) 6191–6201. [DOI] [PMID: 19456129]
[EC 2.3.1.305 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.3.2.30     
Accepted name: L-ornithine Nα-acyltransferase
Reaction: L-ornithine + a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a lyso-ornithine lipid + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
Glossary: a lyso-ornithine lipid = an Nα-[(3R)-hydroxy-acyl]-L-ornithine
Other name(s): olsB (gene name)
Systematic name: L-ornithine Nα-(3R)-3-hydroxy-acyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, found in bacteria, catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of ornithine lipids.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Gao, J.L., Weissenmayer, B., Taylor, A.M., Thomas-Oates, J., Lopez-Lara, I.M. and Geiger, O. Identification of a gene required for the formation of lyso-ornithine lipid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ornithine-containing lipids. Mol. Microbiol. 53 (2004) 1757–1770. [DOI] [PMID: 15341653]
2.  Vences-Guzman, M.A., Guan, Z., Bermudez-Barrientos, J.R., Geiger, O. and Sohlenkamp, C. Agrobacteria lacking ornithine lipids induce more rapid tumour formation. Environ. Microbiol. 15 (2013) 895–906. [DOI] [PMID: 22958119]
[EC 2.3.2.30 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.3.3.22     
Accepted name: 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] synthase
Reaction: an acetyl-[acp] + a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] = a 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] + [acp]
Other name(s): HMG-CoA synthase-like enzyme; aprE (gene name); curD (gene name); corE (gene name); bryR (gene name); pedP (gene name); 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase
Systematic name: acetyl-[acp]:3-oxoacyl-[acp] C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)
Comments: This family of enzymes participates in a process that introduces a methyl branch into nascent polyketide products. The process begins with EC 4.1.1.124, malonyl-[acp] decarboxylase, which converts the common extender unit malonyl-[acp] to acetyl-[acp]. The enzyme is a mutated form of a ketosynthase enzyme, in which a Cys residue in the active site is modified to a Ser residue, leaving the decarboxylase function intact, but nulifying the ability of the enzyme to form a carbon-carbon bond. Next, EC 2.3.3.22, 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] synthase, utilizes the acetyl group to introduce the branch at the β position of 3-oxoacyl intermediates attached to a polyketide synthase, forming a 3-hydroxy-3-carboxymethyl intermediate. This is followed by dehydration catalysed by EC 4.2.1.181, 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] dehydratase (often referred to as an ECH1 domain), leaving a 3-carboxymethyl group and forming a double bond between the α and β carbons. The process concludes with decarboxylation catalysed by EC 4.1.1.125, 4-carboxy-3-alkylbut-2-enoyl-[acp] decarboxylase (often referred to as an ECH2 domain), leaving a methyl branch at the β carbon. The enzymes are usually encoded by a cluster of genes referred to as an "HMGS cassette", based on the similarity of the key enzyme to EC 2.3.3.10, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. While the enzyme is similar to EC 2.3.3.10, it is specific for an [acyl-carrier protein] (acp)-bound donor and does not interact with a CoA substrate as donor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Erol, O., Schaberle, T.F., Schmitz, A., Rachid, S., Gurgui, C., El Omari, M., Lohr, F., Kehraus, S., Piel, J., Muller, R. and Konig, G.M. Biosynthesis of the myxobacterial antibiotic corallopyronin A. Chembiochem 11 (2010) 1253–1265. [DOI] [PMID: 20503218]
2.  Buchholz, T.J., Rath, C.M., Lopanik, N.B., Gardner, N.P., Hakansson, K. and Sherman, D.H. Polyketide β-branching in bryostatin biosynthesis: identification of surrogate acetyl-ACP donors for BryR, an HMG-ACP synthase. Chem. Biol. 17 (2010) 1092–1100. [DOI] [PMID: 21035732]
3.  Grindberg, R.V., Ishoey, T., Brinza, D., Esquenazi, E., Coates, R.C., Liu, W.T., Gerwick, L., Dorrestein, P.C., Pevzner, P., Lasken, R. and Gerwick, W.H. Single cell genome amplification accelerates identification of the apratoxin biosynthetic pathway from a complex microbial assemblage. PLoS One 6:e18565 (2011). [DOI] [PMID: 21533272]
4.  Maloney, F.P., Gerwick, L., Gerwick, W.H., Sherman, D.H. and Smith, J.L. Anatomy of the β-branching enzyme of polyketide biosynthesis and its interaction with an acyl-ACP substrate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 (2016) 10316–10321. [DOI] [PMID: 27573844]
5.  Slocum, S.T., Lowell, A.N., Tripathi, A., Shende, V.V., Smith, J.L. and Sherman, D.H. Chemoenzymatic dissection of polyketide β-branching in the bryostatin pathway. Methods Enzymol. 604 (2018) 207–236. [DOI] [PMID: 29779653]
[EC 2.3.3.22 created 2023]
 
 
EC 4.1.99.5     
Accepted name: aldehyde oxygenase (deformylating)
Reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ = an alkane + formate + H2O + 2 NADP+
Glossary: a long-chain aldehyde = an aldehyde derived from a fatty acid with an aliphatic chain of 13-22 carbons.
Other name(s): decarbonylase; aldehyde decarbonylase; octadecanal decarbonylase; octadecanal alkane-lyase
Systematic name: a long-chain aldehyde alkane-lyase
Comments: Contains a diiron center. Involved in the biosynthesis of alkanes. The enzyme from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 is only active in vitro in the presence of ferredoxin, ferredoxin reductase and NADPH, and produces mostly C15 and C17 alkanes [2,3]. The enzyme from pea (Pisum sativum) produces alkanes of chain length C18 to C32 and is inhibited by metal-chelating agents [1]. The substrate for this enzyme is formed by EC 1.2.1.80, acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 94185-90-7
References:
1.  Cheesbrough, T.M. and, K olattukudy, P.E. Alkane biosynthesis by decarbonylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a particulate preparation from Pisum sativum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 6613–6617. [DOI] [PMID: 6593720]
2.  Schirmer, A., Rude, M.A., Li, X., Popova, E. and del Cardayre, S.B. Microbial biosynthesis of alkanes. Science 329 (2010) 559–562. [DOI] [PMID: 20671186]
3.  Warui, D.M., Li, N., Nørgaard, H., Krebs, C., Bollinger, J.M. and Booker, S.J. Detection of formate, rather than carbon monoxide, as the stoichiometric coproduct in conversion of fatty aldehydes to alkanes by a cyanobacterial aldehyde decarbonylase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 3316–3319. [DOI] [PMID: 21341652]
4.  Li, N., Chang, W.C., Warui, D.M., Booker, S.J., Krebs, C. and Bollinger, J.M., Jr. Evidence for only oxygenative cleavage of aldehydes to alk(a/e)nes and formate by cyanobacterial aldehyde decarbonylases. Biochemistry 51 (2012) 7908–7916. [DOI] [PMID: 22947199]
[EC 4.1.99.5 created 1989, modified 2011, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.58      
Deleted entry: crotonoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydratase. The reaction described is covered by EC 4.2.1.59.
[EC 4.2.1.58 created 1972, deleted 2012]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.59     
Accepted name: 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase
Reaction: a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a trans-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O
Other name(s): fabZ (gene name); fabA (gene name); D-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl carrier protein] dehydratase; D-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase; β-hydroxyoctanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydrase; β-hydroxyoctanoyl thioester dehydratase; β-hydroxyoctanoyl-ACP-dehydrase; (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydro-lyase; (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydro-lyase (oct-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming); 3-hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase
Systematic name: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydro-lyase (trans-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming)
Comments: This enzyme is responsible for the dehydration step of the dissociated (type II) fatty-acid biosynthesis system that occurs in plants and bacteria. The enzyme uses fatty acyl thioesters of ACP in vivo. Different forms of the enzyme may have preferences for substrates with different chain length. For example, the activity of FabZ, the ubiquitous enzyme in bacteria, decreases with increasing chain length. Gram-negative bacteria that produce unsaturated fatty acids, such as Escherichia coli, have another form (FabA) that prefers intermediate chain length, and also catalyses EC 5.3.3.14, trans-2-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] isomerase. Despite the differences both forms can catalyse all steps leading to the synthesis of palmitate (C16:0). FabZ, but not FabA, can also accept unsaturated substrates [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9030-85-7
References:
1.  Mizugaki, M., Swindell, A.C. and Wkil, S.J. Intermediate- and long-chain β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrases from E. coli fatty acid synthetase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33 (1968) 520–527. [DOI] [PMID: 4881058]
2.  Sharma, A., Henderson, B.S., Schwab, J.M. and Smith, J.L. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of β-hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester dehydrase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 5110–5112. [PMID: 2180957]
3.  Mohan, S., Kelly, T.M., Eveland, S.S., Raetz, C.R. and Anderson, M.S. An Escherichia coli gene (FabZ) encoding (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl acyl carrier protein dehydrase. Relation to fabA and suppression of mutations in lipid A biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 32896–32903. [PMID: 7806516]
4.  Heath, R.J. and Rock, C.O. Roles of the FabA and FabZ β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratases in Escherichia coli fatty acid biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 27795–27801. [DOI] [PMID: 8910376]
[EC 4.2.1.59 created 1972, modified 2012]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.61      
Deleted entry: 3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase. The reaction described is covered by EC 4.2.1.59.
[EC 4.2.1.61 created 1972, deleted 2012]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.181     
Accepted name: 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] dehydratase
Reaction: a 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 4-carboxy-3-alkylbut-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O
Other name(s): aprF (gene name); corF (gene name); curE (gene name); pedL (gene name); 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase
Systematic name: 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] hydro-lyase
Comments: This family of enzymes participates in a process that introduces a methyl branch into nascent polyketide products. The process begins with EC 4.1.1.124, malonyl-[acp] decarboxylase, which converts the common extender unit malonyl-[acp] to acetyl-[acp]. The enzyme is a mutated form of a ketosynthase enzyme, in which a Cys residue in the active site is modified to a Ser residue, leaving the decarboxylase function intact, but nulifying the ability of the enzyme to form a carbon-carbon bond. Next, EC 2.3.3.22, 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] synthase, utilizes the acetyl group to introduce the branch at the β position of 3-oxoacyl intermediates attached to a polyketide synthase, forming a 3-hydroxy-3-carboxymethyl intermediate. This is followed by dehydration catalysed by EC 4.2.1.181, 3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-acyl-[acp] dehydratase (often referred to as an ECH1 domain), leaving a 3-carboxymethyl group and forming a double bond between the α and β carbons. The process concludes with decarboxylation catalysed by EC 4.1.1.125, 4-carboxy-3-alkylbut-2-enoyl-[acp] decarboxylase (often referred to as an ECH2 domain), leaving a methyl branch at the β carbon. The enzymes are usually encoded by a cluster of genes referred to as an "HMGS cassette", based on the similarity of the key enzyme to EC 2.3.3.10, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. cf. EC 4.2.1.18, methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Gu, L., Jia, J., Liu, H., Hakansson, K., Gerwick, W.H. and Sherman, D.H. Metabolic coupling of dehydration and decarboxylation in the curacin A pathway: functional identification of a mechanistically diverse enzyme pair. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 9014–9015. [DOI] [PMID: 16834357]
2.  Gu, L., Wang, B., Kulkarni, A., Geders, T.W., Grindberg, R.V., Gerwick, L., Hakansson, K., Wipf, P., Smith, J.L., Gerwick, W.H. and Sherman, D.H. Metamorphic enzyme assembly in polyketide diversification. Nature 459 (2009) 731–735. [DOI] [PMID: 19494914]
3.  Erol, O., Schaberle, T.F., Schmitz, A., Rachid, S., Gurgui, C., El Omari, M., Lohr, F., Kehraus, S., Piel, J., Muller, R. and Konig, G.M. Biosynthesis of the myxobacterial antibiotic corallopyronin A. Chembiochem 11 (2010) 1253–1265. [DOI] [PMID: 20503218]
4.  Grindberg, R.V., Ishoey, T., Brinza, D., Esquenazi, E., Coates, R.C., Liu, W.T., Gerwick, L., Dorrestein, P.C., Pevzner, P., Lasken, R. and Gerwick, W.H. Single cell genome amplification accelerates identification of the apratoxin biosynthetic pathway from a complex microbial assemblage. PLoS One 6:e18565 (2011). [DOI] [PMID: 21533272]
[EC 4.2.1.181 created 2023]
 
 
EC 4.3.2.11     
Accepted name: (3R)-3-[(carboxylmethyl)amino]fatty acid synthase
Reaction: (3R)-3-[(carboxylmethyl)amino]fatty acid + an [acyl-carrier protein] = a (2E)-unsaturated fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + glycine + H2O
Other name(s): scoD (gene name); mmaD (gene name)
Systematic name: (3R)-3-[(carboxylmethyl)amino]fatty acid glycine-lyase ((2E)-unsaturated fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming)
Comments: The enzyme, found in some actinobacterial species, participates in the biosynthesis of isonitrile-containing lipopeptides. It catalyses the formation of (3R)-3-[(carboxylmethyl)amino]fatty acid by the addition of glycine and the release of the product from the acyl-carrier protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Harris, N.C., Sato, M., Herman, N.A., Twigg, F., Cai, W., Liu, J., Zhu, X., Downey, J., Khalaf, R., Martin, J., Koshino, H. and Zhang, W. Biosynthesis of isonitrile lipopeptides by conserved nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters in Actinobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114 (2017) 7025–7030. [DOI] [PMID: 28634299]
2.  Harris, N.C., Born, D.A., Cai, W., Huang, Y., Martin, J., Khalaf, R., Drennan, C.L. and Zhang, W. Isonitrile formation by a non-heme iron(II)-dependent oxidase/decarboxylase. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57 (2018) 9707–9710. [DOI] [PMID: 29906336]
[EC 4.3.2.11 created 2022]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.20     
Accepted name: long-chain-fatty-acid—[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase
Reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + an [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthetase (ambiguous); acyl-ACP synthetase (ambiguous); stearoyl-ACP synthetase; acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase (ambiguous); long-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase (AMP-forming)
Systematic name: long-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier protein] ligase (AMP-forming)
Comments: The enzyme ligates long chain fatty acids (with aliphatic chain of 13-22 carbons) to an acyl-carrier protein. Not identical with EC 6.2.1.3 long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 77322-37-3
References:
1.  Ray, T.K. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. Activation of long chain fatty acids with acyl carrier protein: demonstration of a new enzyme, acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase, in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73 (1976) 4374–4378. [DOI] [PMID: 794875]
2.  Kaczmarzyk, D. and Fulda, M. Fatty acid activation in cyanobacteria mediated by acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase enables fatty acid recycling. Plant Physiol. 152 (2010) 1598–1610. [DOI] [PMID: 20061450]
[EC 6.2.1.20 created 1986]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.47     
Accepted name: medium-chain-fatty-acid—[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase
Reaction: ATP + a medium-chain fatty acid + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + a medium-chain acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]
Other name(s): jamA (gene name)
Systematic name: medium-chain-fatty-acid:[acyl-carrier protein] ligase (AMP-forming)
Comments: The enzyme ligates medium chain fatty acids (with aliphatic chain of 6-12 carbons) to an acyl-carrier protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 77322-37-3
References:
1.  Edwards, D.J., Marquez, B.L., Nogle, L.M., McPhail, K., Goeger, D.E., Roberts, M.A. and Gerwick, W.H. Structure and biosynthesis of the jamaicamides, new mixed polyketide-peptide neurotoxins from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Chem. Biol. 11 (2004) 817–833. [DOI] [PMID: 15217615]
2.  Zhu, X., Liu, J. and Zhang, W. De novo biosynthesis of terminal alkyne-labeled natural products. Nat. Chem. Biol. 11 (2015) 115–120. [DOI] [PMID: 25531891]
[EC 6.2.1.47 created 2016]
 
 


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