The Enzyme Database

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EC 2.3.1.282     
Accepted name: phenolphthiocerol/phthiocerol/phthiodiolone dimycocerosyl transferase
Reaction: (1) 2 a mycocerosyl-[mycocerosic acid synthase] + a phthiocerol = a dimycocerosyl phthiocerol + 2 holo-[mycocerosic acid synthase]
(2) 2 a mycocerosyl-[mycocerosic acid synthase] + a phthiodiolone = a dimycocerosyl phthiodiolone + 2 holo-[mycocerosic acid synthase]
(3) 2 a mycocerosyl-[mycocerosic acid synthase] + a phenolphthiocerol = a dimycocerosyl phenolphthiocerol + 2 holo-[mycocerosic acid synthase]
Glossary: a mycocerosate = 2,4,6-trimethyl- and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2-alkanoic acids present in many pathogenic mycobacteria. The chiral centers bearing the methyl groups have an L (levorotatory) stereo configuration.
a phthiocerol = a linear carbohydrate molecule to which one methoxyl group, one methyl group, and two secondary hydroxyl groups are attached.
a phthiodiolone = an intermediate in phthiocerol biosynthesis, containing an oxo group where phthiocerols contain a methoxyl group
a phenolphthiocerol = a compound related to phthiocerol that contains a phenol group at the ω end of the molecule
Other name(s): papA5 (gene name)
Systematic name: mycocerosyl-[mycocerosic acid synthase]:phenolphthiocerol/phthiocerol/phthiodiolone dimycocerosyl transferase
Comments: The enzyme, present in certain pathogenic species of mycobacteria, catalyses the transfer of mycocerosic acids to the two hydroxyl groups at the common lipid core of phthiocerol, phthiodiolone, and phenolphthiocerol, forming dimycocerosate esters. The fatty acid precursors of mycocerosic acids are activated by EC 6.2.1.49, long-chain fatty acid adenylyltransferase FadD28, which loads them onto EC 2.3.1.111, mycocerosate synthase. That enzyme extends the precursors to form mycocerosic acids that remain attached until transferred by EC 2.3.1.282.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Onwueme, K.C., Ferreras, J.A., Buglino, J., Lima, C.D. and Quadri, L.E. Mycobacterial polyketide-associated proteins are acyltransferases: proof of principle with Mycobacterium tuberculosis PapA5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 4608–4613. [PMID: 15070765]
2.  Buglino, J., Onwueme, K.C., Ferreras, J.A., Quadri, L.E. and Lima, C.D. Crystal structure of PapA5, a phthiocerol dimycocerosyl transferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 30634–30642. [PMID: 15123643]
3.  Chavadi, S.S., Onwueme, K.C., Edupuganti, U.R., Jerome, J., Chatterjee, D., Soll, C.E. and Quadri, L.E. The mycobacterial acyltransferase PapA5 is required for biosynthesis of cell wall-associated phenolic glycolipids. Microbiology 158 (2012) 1379–1387. [PMID: 22361940]
4.  Touchette, M.H., Bommineni, G.R., Delle Bovi, R.J., Gadbery, J.E., Nicora, C.D., Shukla, A.K., Kyle, J.E., Metz, T.O., Martin, D.W., Sampson, N.S., Miller, W.T., Tonge, P.J. and Seeliger, J.C. Diacyltransferase activity and chain length specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PapA5 in the synthesis of alkyl β-diol lipids. Biochemistry 54 (2015) 5457–5468. [DOI] [PMID: 26271001]
[EC 2.3.1.282 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.292     
Accepted name: (phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase
Reaction: (1) 3 malonyl-CoA + 2 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + icosanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 NADPH = C32-carboxyphthiodiolenone-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 CoA + 5 NADP+ + 5 CO2 + 2 H2O
(2) 3 malonyl-CoA + 2 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + docosanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 NADPH = C34-carboxyphthiodiolenone-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 CoA + 5 NADP+ + 5 CO2 + 2 H2O
(3) 3 malonyl-CoA + 2 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 NADPH = C37-(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 CoA + 5 NADP+ + 5 CO2 + 2 H2O
(4) 3 malonyl-CoA + 2 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 NADPH = C35-(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] + 5 CoA + 5 NADP+ + 5 CO2 + 2 H2O
Glossary: C32-carboxyphthiodiolenone = (4E,9R,11R)-9,11-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxotriacont-4-enoate
C34-carboxyphthiodiolenone = (4E,9R,11R)-9,11-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxodotriacont-4-enoate
C35-phenolcarboxyphthiodiolenone = (4E)-9,11-dihydroxy-27-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxoheptacos-4-enoate
C37-phenolcarboxyphthiodiolenone = (4E,9R,11R)-9,11-dihydroxy-29-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxononacos-4-enoate
phthiocerols = linear carbohydrates containing one methoxyl group, one methyl group, and two secondary hydroxyl groups that serve as a backbone for certain lipids and glycolipids found in many species of Mycobacteriaceae
Other name(s): ppsABCDE (gene names)
Systematic name: (methyl)malonyl-CoA:long-chain acyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] (methyl)malonyltransferase {carboxyphthiodiolenone-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]-forming}
Comments: The enzyme, which is a complex of five polyketide synthase proteins, is involved in the synthesis of the lipid core common to phthiocerols and phenolphthiocerols. The first protein, PpsA, can accept either a C18 or C20 long-chain fatty acyl, or a (4-hydroxyphenyl)-C17 or C19 fatty acyl. The substrates must first be adenylated by EC 6.2.1.59, long-chain fatty acid adenylase/transferase FadD26, which also loads them onto PpsA. PpsA then extends them using a malonyl-CoA extender unit. The PpsB protein adds the next malonyl-CoA extender unit. The absence of a dehydratase and an enoyl reductase domains in the PpsA and PpsB modules results in the formation of the diol portion of the phthiocerol moiety. PpsC adds a third malonyl unit (releasing a water molecule due to its dehydratase domain), PpsD adds an (R)-methylmalonyl unit, releasing a water molecule, and PpsE adds a second (R)-methylmalonyl unit, without releasing a water molecule. The incorporation of the methylmalonyl units results in formation of two branched methyl groups in the elongated product. The enzyme does not contain a thioesterase domain [2], and release of the products requires the tesA-encoded type II thioesterase [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Rao, A. and Ranganathan, A. Interaction studies on proteins encoded by the phthiocerol dimycocerosate locus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol. Genet. Genomics 272 (2004) 571–579. [PMID: 15668773]
2.  Trivedi, O.A., Arora, P., Vats, A., Ansari, M.Z., Tickoo, R., Sridharan, V., Mohanty, D. and Gokhale, R.S. Dissecting the mechanism and assembly of a complex virulence mycobacterial lipid. Mol. Cell 17 (2005) 631–643. [DOI] [PMID: 15749014]
[EC 2.3.1.292 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.94      
Transferred entry: 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate adenylyltransferase. Now EC 6.2.1.51, 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate adenylyltransferase FadD29
[EC 2.7.7.94 created 2016, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.95      
Transferred entry: mycocerosic acid adenylyltransferase. Now EC 6.2.1.49, long-chain fatty acid adenylyltransferase FadD28
[EC 2.7.7.95 created 2016, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.98      
Transferred entry: 4-hydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase. Now EC 6.2.1.50, 4-hydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase FadD22
[EC 2.7.7.98 created 2017, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.50     
Accepted name: 4-hydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase FadD22
Reaction: ATP + 4-hydroxybenzoate + holo-[4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoyl-[4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase] (overall reaction)
(1a) ATP + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 4-hydroxybenzoyl-adenylate + diphosphate
(1b) 4-hydroxybenzoyl-adenylate + holo-[4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase] = AMP + 4-hydroxybenzoyl-[4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase]
Other name(s): fadD22 (gene name); 4-hydroxybenzoate adenylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxybenzoate:holo-[4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase] ligase (AMP-forming)
Comments: This mycobacterial enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of phenolphthiocerols. Following the substrate’s activation by adenylation, it is transferred to an acyl-carrier protein domain within the enzyme, from which it is transferred to EC 2.3.1.261, 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Simeone, R., Leger, M., Constant, P., Malaga, W., Marrakchi, H., Daffe, M., Guilhot, C. and Chalut, C. Delineation of the roles of FadD22, FadD26 and FadD29 in the biosynthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates and related compounds in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J. 277 (2010) 2715–2725. [DOI] [PMID: 20553505]
2.  Vergnolle, O., Chavadi, S.S., Edupuganti, U.R., Mohandas, P., Chan, C., Zeng, J., Kopylov, M., Angelo, N.G., Warren, J.D., Soll, C.E. and Quadri, L.E. Biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in Mycobacterium marinum. J. Bacteriol. 197 (2015) 1040–1050. [DOI] [PMID: 25561717]
[EC 6.2.1.50 created 2017 as EC 2.7.7.98, transferred 2017 to EC 6.2.1.50]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.51     
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate adenylyltransferase FadD29
Reaction: (1) ATP + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoate + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]
(1a) ATP + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoate = diphosphate + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl-adenylate
(1b) 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl-adenylate + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]
(2) ATP + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoate + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]
(2a) ATP + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoate = diphosphate + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoyl-adenylate
(2b) 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoyl-adenylate + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]
Other name(s): fadD29 (gene name); 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate adenylase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylalkanoate:holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] ligase
Comments: The mycobacterial enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of phenolphthiocerols. Following the substrate’s activation by adenylation, it is transferred to an acyl-carrier protein domain within the enzyme, from which it is transferred to the phenolphthiocerol/phthiocerol polyketide synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Simeone, R., Leger, M., Constant, P., Malaga, W., Marrakchi, H., Daffe, M., Guilhot, C. and Chalut, C. Delineation of the roles of FadD22, FadD26 and FadD29 in the biosynthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates and related compounds in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J. 277 (2010) 2715–2725. [DOI] [PMID: 20553505]
2.  Vergnolle, O., Chavadi, S.S., Edupuganti, U.R., Mohandas, P., Chan, C., Zeng, J., Kopylov, M., Angelo, N.G., Warren, J.D., Soll, C.E. and Quadri, L.E. Biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in Mycobacterium marinum. J. Bacteriol. 197 (2015) 1040–1050. [DOI] [PMID: 25561717]
[EC 6.2.1.51 created 2016 as EC 2.7.7.94, transferred 2017 to EC 6.2.1.51]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.59     
Accepted name: long-chain fatty acid adenylase/transferase FadD26
Reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] (overall reaction)
(1a) ATP + a long-chain fatty acid = diphosphate + a long-chain fatty-acyl adenylate ester
(1b) a long-chain fatty-acyl adenylate ester + holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] = AMP + a long-chain acyl-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase]
Glossary: phthiocerols = linear carbohydrates containing one methoxyl group, one methyl group, and two secondary hydroxyl groups that serve as a backbone for certain lipids and glycolipids found in many species of Mycobacteriaceae
arachidate = icosanoate
behenate = docosanoate
lignocerate= tetracosanoate
Other name(s): FadD26
Systematic name: long-chain fatty acid:holo-[(phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase] ligase (AMP-forming)
Comments: The enzyme, present in pathogenic species of mycobacteria, participates in the pathway for biosynthesis of phthiocerols. It catalyses the adenylation of the long-chain fatty acids arachidate (C20) or behenate (C22) [1] and potentially the very-long-chain fatty acid lignocerate (C24) [2]. The activated fatty acids are then loaded to EC 2.3.1.292, (phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Azad, A.K., Sirakova, T.D., Fernandes, N.D. and Kolattukudy, P.E. Gene knockout reveals a novel gene cluster for the synthesis of a class of cell wall lipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 16741–16745. [PMID: 9201977]
2.  Simeone, R., Leger, M., Constant, P., Malaga, W., Marrakchi, H., Daffe, M., Guilhot, C. and Chalut, C. Delineation of the roles of FadD22, FadD26 and FadD29 in the biosynthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates and related compounds in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J. 277 (2010) 2715–2725. [DOI] [PMID: 20553505]
3.  Vergnolle, O., Chavadi, S.S., Edupuganti, U.R., Mohandas, P., Chan, C., Zeng, J., Kopylov, M., Angelo, N.G., Warren, J.D., Soll, C.E. and Quadri, L.E. Biosynthesis of cell envelope-associated phenolic glycolipids in Mycobacterium marinum. J. Bacteriol. 197 (2015) 1040–1050. [DOI] [PMID: 25561717]
[EC 6.2.1.59 created 2019]
 
 


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