The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.1.1.423     Relevance: 100%
Accepted name: (1R,2S)-ephedrine 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (–)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine + NAD+ = (S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one + NADH + H+
Glossary: (–)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine = (1R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
(S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one = (S)-methcathinone
Other name(s): EDH; ephedrine dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (–)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Arthrobacter sp. TS-15, acts on a broad range of different aryl-alkyl ketones, such as haloketones, ketoamines, diketones, and ketoesters. It exhibits a strict enantioselectivity and accepts various types of aryl groups including phenyl-, pyridyl-, thienyl-, and furyl-rings, but the presence of an aromatic ring is essential for the activity. In addition, the presence of a functional group on the alkyl chain, such as an amine, a halogen, or a ketone, is also crucial. When acting on diketones, it catalyses the reduction of only the keto group closest to the ring, with no further reduction to the diol. cf. EC 1.1.1.422, pseudoephedrine dehydrogenase and EC 1.5.1.18, ephedrine dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Shanati, T., Lockie, C., Beloti, L., Grogan, G. and Ansorge-Schumacher, M.B. Two enantiocomplementary ephedrine dehydrogenases from Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 with broad substrate specificity. ACS Catal. 9 (2019) 6202–6211.
2.  Shanati, T., Ansorge-Schumacher, M. Enzymes and methods for the stereoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds, oxidation and stereoselective reductive amination - for the enantioselective preparation of alcohol amine compounds. (2019) Patent WO2019002459.
[EC 1.1.1.423 created 2020, modified 2020]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.422     Relevance: 99.3%
Accepted name: pseudoephedrine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (+)-(1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine + NAD+ = (S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one + NADH + H+
Glossary: (+)-(1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine = (1S,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
(S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one = (S)-methcathinone
Other name(s): PseDH
Systematic name: (+)-(1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Arthrobacter sp. TS-15, acts on a broad range of different aryl-alkyl ketones, such as haloketones, ketoamines, diketones, and ketoesters. It accepts various types of aryl groups including phenyl-, pyridyl-, thienyl-, and furyl-rings, but the presence of an aromatic ring is essential for the activity. In addition, the presence of a functional group on the alkyl chain, such as an amine, a halogen, or a ketone, is also crucial. The enzyme exhibits a strict anti-Prelog enantioselectivity. When acting on diketones, it catalyses the reduction of only the keto group closest to the ring, with no further reduction to the diol. cf. EC 1.1.1.423, ephedrine dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Shanati, T., Lockie, C., Beloti, L., Grogan, G. and Ansorge-Schumacher, M.B. Two enantiocomplementary ephedrine dehydrogenases from Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 with broad substrate specificity. ACS Catal. 9 (2019) 6202–6211.
2.  Shanati, T., Ansorge-Schumacher, M. Enzymes and methods for the stereoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds, oxidation and stereoselective reductive amination - for the enantioselective preparation of alcohol amine compounds. (2019) Patent WO2019002459.
3.  Shanati, T. and Ansorge-Schumacher, M.B. Biodegradation of ephedrine isomers by Arthrobacter sp. strain TS-15: discovery of novel ephedrine and pseudoephedrine dehydrogenases. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86(6):e02487-19 (2020). [DOI] [PMID: 31900306]
[EC 1.1.1.422 created 2020]
 
 
EC 1.5.99.14     Relevance: 63.4%
Accepted name: 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase
Reaction: 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + acceptor + H2O = 1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + reduced acceptor
For diagram of nicotine catabolism by arthrobacter, click here
Glossary: 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine
1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one = 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine
Systematic name: 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one:acceptor 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: Contains a cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor [3]. The enzyme, which participates in the nicotine degradation pathway, has been characterized from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans [1,2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Freudenberg, W., Konig, K. and Andreesen, J. R. Nicotine dehydrogenase from Arthrobacter oxidans: A molybdenum-containing hydroxylase. FEMS Microbiology Letters 52 (1988) 13–18.
2.  Grether-Beck, S., Igloi, G.L., Pust, S., Schilz, E., Decker, K. and Brandsch, R. Structural analysis and molybdenum-dependent expression of the pAO1-encoded nicotine dehydrogenase genes of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. Mol. Microbiol. 13 (1994) 929–936. [DOI] [PMID: 7815950]
3.  Sachelaru, P., Schiltz, E. and Brandsch, R. A functional mobA gene for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide cofactor biosynthesis is required for activity and holoenzyme assembly of the heterotrimeric nicotine dehydrogenases of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 5126–5131. [DOI] [PMID: 16820521]
[EC 1.5.99.14 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.5.1.18     Relevance: 63.3%
Accepted name: ephedrine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (-)-ephedrine + NAD+ = (R)-2-methylimino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol + NADH + H+
Systematic name: (-)-ephedrine:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The product immediately hydrolyses to methylamine and 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-one. Acts on a number of related compounds including (-)-sympatol, (+)-pseudoephedrine and (+)-norephedrine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 73508-06-2
References:
1.  Klamann, E. and Lingens, F. Degradation of (-)-ephedrine by Pseudomonas putida. Detection of (-)-ephedrine: NAD+-oxidoreductase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Z. Naturforsch. C: Biosci. 35 (1980) 80–87. [PMID: 7405363]
[EC 1.5.1.18 created 1984]
 
 
EC 3.7.1.19     Relevance: 54.8%
Accepted name: 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase
Reaction: 1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + H2O = 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 4-methylaminobutanoate
For diagram of nicotine catabolism by arthrobacter, click here
Glossary: 1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one = 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine
Systematic name: 1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one hydrolase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, participates in nicotine degradation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Gherna, R.L., Richardson, S.H. and Rittenberg, S.C. The bacterial oxidation of nicotine. VI. The metabolism of 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 3669–3674. [PMID: 5835946]
2.  Sachelaru, P., Schiltz, E., Igloi, G.L. and Brandsch, R. An α/β-fold C—C bond hydrolase is involved in a central step of nicotine catabolism by Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 8516–8519. [DOI] [PMID: 16321959]
[EC 3.7.1.19 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.4.3.24      
Transferred entry: pseudooxynicotine oxidase, now classified as EC 1.4.2.3, pseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase
[EC 1.4.3.24 created 2012, deleted 2022]
 
 
EC 1.4.2.3     Relevance: 44.7%
Accepted name: pseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase
Reaction: pseudooxynicotine + H2O + 2 ferricytochrome c = 4-oxo-4-(pyridin-3-yl)butanal + methylamine + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+
Glossary: pseudooxynicotine = 4-(methylamino)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-one
Other name(s): pnaO (gene name)
Systematic name: 4-(methylamino)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-one:c-type cytochrome oxidoreductase (methylamine releasing)
Comments: Contains one non-covalently bound FAD molecule per dimer. This enzyme, characterized from the soil bacteria Pseudomonas sp. HZN6 and Pseudomonas putida S16, is involved in nicotine degradation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Qiu, J., Ma, Y., Wen, Y., Chen, L., Wu, L. and Liu, W. Functional identification of two novel genes from Pseudomonas sp. strain HZN6 involved in the catabolism of nicotine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (2012) 2154–2160. [DOI] [PMID: 22267672]
2.  Choudhary, V., Wu, K., Zhang, Z., Dulchavsky, M., Barkman, T., Bardwell, J.CA. and Stull, F. The enzyme pseudooxynicotine amine oxidase from Pseudomonas putida S16 is not an oxidase, but a dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 298:102251 (2022). [DOI] [PMID: 35835223]
[EC 1.4.2.3 created 2012 as EC 1.4.3.24, transferred 2022 to EC 1.4.2.3]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.335     Relevance: 44.1%
Accepted name: 4-amino-anhydrotetracycline N4-methyltransferase
Reaction: (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 4-amino-4-de(dimethylamino)anhydrotetracycline = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 4-methylamino-4-de(dimethylamino)anhydrotetracycline
(2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 4-methylamino-4-de(dimethylamino)anhydrotetracycline = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anhydrotetracycline
Glossary: 4-amino-4-de(dimethylamino)anhydrotetracycline = (4S,4aS,12aS)-4-amino-3,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-1,12-dioxo-4a,5-dihydro-4H-tetracene-2-carboxamide
4-methylamino-4-de(dimethylamino)anhydrotetracycline = (4S,4aS,12aS)-3,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4-(methylamino)-1,12-dioxo-4a,5-dihydro-4H-tetracene-2-carboxamide
anhydrotetracycline = (4S,4aS,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-1,12-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,12,12a-hexahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide
Other name(s): oxyT (gene name); ctcO (gene name)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(4S,4aS,12aS)-4-amino-3,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-1,12-dioxo-4a,5-dihydro-4H-tetracene-2-carboxamide Nα-methyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Streptomyces rimosus, participates in the biosynthesis of tetracycline antibiotics.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Zhang, W., Watanabe, K., Cai, X., Jung, M.E., Tang, Y. and Zhan, J. Identifying the minimal enzymes required for anhydrotetracycline biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 6068–6069. [DOI] [PMID: 18422316]
[EC 2.1.1.335 created 2016]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.332     Relevance: 43.3%
Accepted name: chanoclavine-I dehydrogenase
Reaction: chanoclavine-I + NAD+ = chanoclavine-I aldehyde + NADH + H+
Glossary: chanoclavine-I = (1E)-2-methyl-3-[(4R,5R)-4-(methylamino)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indol-5-yl]prop-2-en-1-ol
chanoclavine-I aldehyde = (1E)-2-methyl-3-[(4R,5R)-4-(methylamino)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indol-5-yl]prop-2-enal
Other name(s): easD (gene name); fgaDH (gene name)
Systematic name: chanoclavine-I:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses a step in the pathway of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in certain fungi.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Wallwey, C., Matuschek, M. and Li, S.M. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: conversion of chanoclavine-I to chanoclavine-I aldehyde catalyzed by a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase FgaDH. Arch. Microbiol. 192 (2010) 127–134. [DOI] [PMID: 20039019]
2.  Wallwey, C., Heddergott, C., Xie, X., Brakhage, A.A. and Li, S.M. Genome mining reveals the presence of a conserved gene cluster for the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloid precursors in the fungal family Arthrodermataceae. Microbiology 158 (2012) 1634–1644. [DOI] [PMID: 22403186]
[EC 1.1.1.332 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.6     Relevance: 41.7%
Accepted name: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase
Reaction: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + H2O2 (overall reaction)
(1a) (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + O2 = 5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol + H2O2
(1b) 5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol + H2O = 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one (spontaneous)
For diagram of nicotine catabolism by arthrobacter, click here
Glossary: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine = 5-[(2R)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridin-2-ol
5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol = 6-hydroxy-N-methylmyosmine
1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine
Other name(s): D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase
Systematic name: (R)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). The enzyme, which participates in nicotine degradation, is specific for (R) isomer of 6-hydroxynicotine, derived from the uncommon (R)-nicotine. The bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, in which this enzyme was originally discovered, has a different enzyme that catalyses a similar reaction with the (S)-isomer (cf. EC 1.5.3.5, (S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37233-46-8
References:
1.  Decker, K. and Bleeg, H. Induction and purification of stereospecific nicotine oxidizing enzymes from Arthrobacter oxidans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 105 (1965) 313–324. [PMID: 5849820]
2.  Brühmüller, M., Möhler, H.K. and Decker, K. Covalently bound flavin in D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase from Arthrobacter oxidans. Purification and properties of D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 29 (1972) 143–151. [DOI] [PMID: 4628374]
3.  Brandsch, R., Hinkkanen, A.E., Mauch, L., Nagursky, H. and Decker, K. 6-Hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase of Arthrobacter oxidans. Gene structure of the flavoenzyme and its relationship to 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 167 (1987) 315–320. [DOI] [PMID: 3622516]
4.  Schenk, S., Hoelz, A., Krauss, B. and Decker, K. Gene structures and properties of enzymes of the plasmid-encoded nicotine catabolism of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J. Mol. Biol. 284 (1998) 1323–1339. [DOI] [PMID: 9878353]
5.  Koetter, J.W. and Schulz, G.E. Crystal structure of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J. Mol. Biol. 352 (2005) 418–428. [DOI] [PMID: 16095622]
[EC 1.5.3.6 created 1972, modified 2015]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.5     Relevance: 40.5%
Accepted name: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase
Reaction: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + H2O2 (overall reaction)
(1a) (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + O2 = 5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol + H2O2
(1b) 5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol + H2O = 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one (spontaneous)
For diagram of nicotine catabolism by arthrobacter, click here
Glossary: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine = 5-[(2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridin-2-ol
1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine
5-(N-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridin-2-ol = 6-hydroxy-N-methylmyosmine
Other name(s): L-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase; 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase; nctB (gene name)
Systematic name: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). The enzyme, which participates in nicotine degradation, is specific for the (S) isomer of 6-hydroxynicotine. The bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, in which this enzyme was originally discovered, has a different enzyme that catalyses a similar reaction with the less common (R)-isomer (cf. EC 1.5.3.6, (R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37256-29-4
References:
1.  Decker, K. and Bleeg, H. Induction and purification of stereospecific nicotine oxidizing enzymes from Arthrobacter oxidans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 105 (1965) 313–324. [PMID: 5849820]
2.  Dai, V.D., Decker, K. and Sund, H. Purification and properties of L-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 4 (1968) 95–102. [DOI] [PMID: 5646150]
3.  Schenk, S., Hoelz, A., Krauss, B. and Decker, K. Gene structures and properties of enzymes of the plasmid-encoded nicotine catabolism of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J. Mol. Biol. 284 (1998) 1323–1339. [DOI] [PMID: 9878353]
4.  Qiu, J., Wei, Y., Ma, Y., Wen, R., Wen, Y. and Liu, W. A novel (S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase gene from Shinella sp. strain HZN7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80 (2014) 5552–5560. [DOI] [PMID: 25002425]
[EC 1.5.3.5 created 1972, modified 2015]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.343     Relevance: 36.6%
Accepted name: 8-amino-8-demethylriboflavin N,N-dimethyltransferase
Reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 8-amino-8-demethylriboflavin = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + roseoflavin (overall reaction)
(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 8-amino-8-demethylriboflavin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 8-demethyl-8-(methylamino)riboflavin
(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 8-demethyl-8-(methylamino)riboflavin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + roseoflavin
For diagram of roseoflavin biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: roseoflavin = 8-demethyl-8-(dimethylamino)riboflavin
Other name(s): rosA (gene name)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:8-amino-8-demethylriboflavin N,N-dimethyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the soil bacterium Streptomyces davawensis, catalyses the last two steps in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic roseoflavin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Jankowitsch, F., Kuhm, C., Kellner, R., Kalinowski, J., Pelzer, S., Macheroux, P. and Mack, M. A novel N,N-8-amino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin dimethyltransferase (RosA) catalyzing the two terminal steps of roseoflavin biosynthesis in Streptomyces davawensis. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 38275–38285. [DOI] [PMID: 21911488]
2.  Tongsook, C., Uhl, M.K., Jankowitsch, F., Mack, M., Gruber, K. and Macheroux, P. Structural and kinetic studies on RosA, the enzyme catalysing the methylation of 8-demethyl-8-amino-D-riboflavin to the antibiotic roseoflavin. FEBS J. 283 (2016) 1531–1549. [DOI] [PMID: 26913589]
[EC 2.1.1.343 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.61     Relevance: 36.5%
Accepted name: tRNA 5-(aminomethyl)-2-thiouridylate-methyltransferase
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing 5-(aminomethyl)-2-thiouridine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-[(methylamino)methyl]-2-thiouridylate
Other name(s): transfer ribonucleate 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate 5-methyltransferase; tRNA 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate 5′-methyltransferase; S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridylate)-methyltransferase; tRNA (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate)-methyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNA 5-(aminomethyl)-2-thiouridylate N-methyltransferase
Comments: This enzyme specifically adds the terminal methyl group of 5-[(methylamino)methyl]-2-thiouridylate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 39391-17-8
References:
1.  Taya, Y. and Nishimura, S. Biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate. I. Isolation of a new tRNA-methylase specific for 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 51 (1973) 1062–1068. [DOI] [PMID: 4703553]
2.  Taya, Y. and Nishimura, S. In: Salvatore, F., Borek, E., Zappia, V., Williams-Ashman, H.G. and Schlenk, F. (Ed.), The Biochemistry of Adenosylmethionine, Columbia University Press, New York, 1977, p. 251.
3.  Bujnicki, J.M., Oudjama, Y., Roovers, M., Owczarek, S., Caillet, J. and Droogmans, L. Identification of a bifunctional enzyme MnmC involved in the biosynthesis of a hypermodified uridine in the wobble position of tRNA. RNA 10 (2004) 1236–1242. [DOI] [PMID: 15247431]
4.  Kim, J. and Almo, S.C. Structural basis for hypermodification of the wobble uridine in tRNA by bifunctional enzyme MnmC. BMC Struct Biol 13:5 (2013). [DOI] [PMID: 23617613]
[EC 2.1.1.61 created 1982, modified 2012, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.324     Relevance: 31.6%
Accepted name: dTDP-4-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-D-glucose N,N-dimethyltransferase
Reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dTDP-4-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dTDP-α-D-forosamine (overall reaction)
(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dTDP-4-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dTDP-4-(methylamino)-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose
(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dTDP-4-(methylamino)-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dTDP-α-D-forosamine
For diagram of dTDP-forosamine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: dTDP-α-D-forosamine = dTDP-4-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose
Other name(s): SpnS; TDP-4-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-glucose N,N-dimethyltransferase
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:dTDP-4-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranose N,N-dimethyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme was isolated from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, where it is involved in the biosynthesis of spinosyn A, an active ingredient of several commercial insecticides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Hong, L., Zhao, Z., Melancon, C.E., 3rd, Zhang, H. and Liu, H.W. In vitro characterization of the enzymes involved in TDP-D-forosamine biosynthesis in the spinosyn pathway of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 4954–4967. [DOI] [PMID: 18345667]
[EC 2.1.1.324 created 2016]
 
 
EC 4.2.1.88     Relevance: 28.8%
Accepted name: synephrine dehydratase
Reaction: (R)-synephrine = (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde + methylamine
Glossary: (R)-synephrine = D-(-)-synephrine = 4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol
Other name(s): syringinase
Systematic name: (R)-synephrine hydro-lyase (methylamine-forming)
Comments: Removal of H2O from (R)-synephrine produces a 2,3-enamine, which hydrolyses to the products shown in the reaction above. The enzyme from Arthrobacter synephrinum is highly specific [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 104118-54-9
References:
1.  Veeraswamy, M., Devi, N.A., Krishnan Kutty, R. and Subba Rao, P.V. Conversion of (±) synephrine into p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde by Arthrobacter synephrinum. A novel enzymic reaction. Biochem. J. 159 (1976) 807–809. [PMID: 1008837]
2.  Manne, V., Kutty, K.R. and Pillarisetti, S.R. Purification and properties of synephrinase from Arthrobacter synephrinum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248 (1986) 324–334. [DOI] [PMID: 3729420]
[EC 4.2.1.88 created 1989, modified 2012]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.98     Relevance: 28.2%
Accepted name: diphthine synthase
Reaction: 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + diphthine-[translation elongation factor 2] (overall reaction)
(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-(methylamino)propyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2]
(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-(methylamino)propyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2]
(1c) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + diphthine-[translation elongation factor 2]
For diagram of diphthamide biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: diphthine = 2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-(trimethylamino)propyl]-L-histidine
Other name(s): S-adenosyl-L-methionine:elongation factor 2 methyltransferase (ambiguous); diphthine methyltransferase (ambiguous); S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] methyltransferase; Dph5 (ambiguous)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-[(3S)-3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] methyltransferase (diphthine-[translation elongation factor 2]-forming)
Comments: This archaeal enzyme produces the trimethylated product diphthine, which is converted into diphthamide by EC 6.3.1.14, diphthine—ammonia ligase. Different from the eukaryotic enzyme, which produces diphthine methyl ester (cf. EC 2.1.1.314). In the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii the enzyme acts on His600 of elongation factor 2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 114514-25-9
References:
1.  Zhu, X., Kim, J., Su, X. and Lin, H. Reconstitution of diphthine synthase activity in vitro. Biochemistry 49 (2010) 9649–9657. [DOI] [PMID: 20873788]
[EC 2.1.1.98 created 1990, modified 2013, modified 2015]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.283     Relevance: 28%
Accepted name: methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NADP+ = 2-oxopropanal + NADPH + H+
Glossary: 2-oxopropanal = methylglyoxal
Other name(s): lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+); GRE2 (gene name); methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent); lactaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (S)-lactaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyses the reduction of a keto group in a number of compounds, forming enantiopure products. Among the substrates are methylglyoxal (which is reduced to (S)-lactaldehyde) [1,2], 3-methylbutanal [3], hexane-2,5-dione [4] and 3-chloro-1-phenylpropan-1-one [5]. The enzyme differs from EC 1.1.1.78, methylglyoxal reductase (NADH), which is found in mammals, by its cosubstrate requirement, reaction direction, and enantiomeric preference.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 78310-66-4
References:
1.  Murata, K., Fukuda, Y., Simosaka, M., Watanabe, K., Saikusa, T. and Kimura, A. Metabolism of 2-oxoaldehyde in yeasts. Purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent methylglyoxal-reducing enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 151 (1985) 631–636. [DOI] [PMID: 3896793]
2.  Chen, C.N., Porubleva, L., Shearer, G., Svrakic, M., Holden, L.G., Dover, J.L., Johnston, M., Chitnis, P.R. and Kohl, D.H. Associating protein activities with their genes: rapid identification of a gene encoding a methylglyoxal reductase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 20 (2003) 545–554. [DOI] [PMID: 12722185]
3.  Hauser, M., Horn, P., Tournu, H., Hauser, N.C., Hoheisel, J.D., Brown, A.J. and Dickinson, J.R. A transcriptome analysis of isoamyl alcohol-induced filamentation in yeast reveals a novel role for Gre2p as isovaleraldehyde reductase. FEMS Yeast Res. 7 (2007) 84–92. [DOI] [PMID: 16999827]
4.  Muller, M., Katzberg, M., Bertau, M. and Hummel, W. Highly efficient and stereoselective biosynthesis of (2S,5S)-hexanediol with a dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8 (2010) 1540–1550. [DOI] [PMID: 20237665]
5.  Choi, Y.H., Choi, H.J., Kim, D., Uhm, K.N. and Kim, H.K. Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-3-chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae reductase with high enantioselectivity. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87 (2010) 185–193. [DOI] [PMID: 20111861]
6.  Breicha, K., Muller, M., Hummel, W. and Niefind, K. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Gre2p, an NADP+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 66 (2010) 838–841. [DOI] [PMID: 20606287]
[EC 1.1.1.283 created 2005, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.5.3.2     Relevance: 27.1%
Accepted name: N-methyl-L-amino-acid oxidase
Reaction: an N-methyl-L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = an L-amino acid + formaldehyde + H2O2
Other name(s): N-methylamino acid oxidase; demethylase
Systematic name: N-methyl-L-amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)
Comments: A flavoprotein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9029-23-6
References:
1.  Moritani, M. Demethylase. IV. Kinetics and reaction mechanism. Hukuoka Acta Med. 43 (1952) 651–658.
2.  Moritani, M. Demethylase. V. Specificity and its relation to amino acid oxidase. Hukuoka Acta Med. 43 (1952) 731–735.
3.  Moritani, M., Tung, T.-C., Fujii, S., Mito, H., Izumika, N., Kenmochi, K. and Hirohata, R. Specificity of rabbit kidney demethylase. J. Biol. Chem. 209 (1954) 485–492. [PMID: 13192101]
[EC 1.5.3.2 created 1961]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.328     Relevance: 26.7%
Accepted name: N-demethylindolmycin N-methyltransferase
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-demethylindolmycin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + indolmycin
Glossary: indolmycin = (5S)-5-[(1R)-1-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-(methylamino)-1,3-oxazolin-4(5H)-one
Other name(s): ind7 (gene name)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:N-demethylindolmycin N-methyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus, catalyses the ultimate reaction in the biosynthesis of indolmycin, an antibacterial drug that inhibits the bacterial tryptophan—tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.2).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Du, Y.L., Alkhalaf, L.M. and Ryan, K.S. In vitro reconstitution of indolmycin biosynthesis reveals the molecular basis of oxazolinone assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112 (2015) 2717–2722. [DOI] [PMID: 25730866]
[EC 2.1.1.328 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.360     Relevance: 24.7%
Accepted name: 2-hydroxyflavanone C-glucosyltransferase
Reaction: UDP-α-D-glucose + a 2′-hydroxy-β-oxodihydrochalcone = UDP + a 3′-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2′-hydroxy-β-oxodihydrochalcone
Glossary: 2′-hydroxy-β-oxodihydrochalcone = 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenypropan-1,3-dione
3′-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2′-hydroxy-β-oxodihydrochalcone = 1-(3-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropan-1,3-dione
Other name(s): OsCGT
Systematic name: UDP-α-D-glucose:2′-hydroxy-β-oxodihydrochalcone C6/8-β-D-glucosyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme has been characterized in Oryza sativa (rice), various Citrus spp., Glycine max (soybean), and Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat). Flavanone substrates require a 2-hydroxy group. The meta-stable flavanone substrates such as 2-hydroxynaringenin exist in an equilibrium with open forms such as 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione, which are the actual substrates for the glucosyl-transfer reaction (see EC 1.14.14.162, flavanone 2-hydroxylase). The enzyme can also act on dihydrochalcones. The enzymes from citrus plants can catalyse a second C-glycosylation reaction at position 5.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Brazier-Hicks, M., Evans, K.M., Gershater, M.C., Puschmann, H., Steel, P.G. and Edwards, R. The C-glycosylation of flavonoids in cereals. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 17926–17934. [PMID: 19411659]
2.  Nagatomo, Y., Usui, S., Ito, T., Kato, A., Shimosaka, M. and Taguchi, G. Purification, molecular cloning and functional characterization of flavonoid C-glucosyltransferases from Fagopyrum esculentum M. (buckwheat) cotyledon. Plant J. 80 (2014) 437–448. [PMID: 25142187]
3.  Hirade, Y., Kotoku, N., Terasaka, K., Saijo-Hamano, Y., Fukumoto, A. and Mizukami, H. Identification and functional analysis of 2-hydroxyflavanone C-glucosyltransferase in soybean (Glycine max). FEBS Lett. 589 (2015) 1778–1786. [PMID: 25979175]
4.  Ito, T., Fujimoto, S., Suito, F., Shimosaka, M. and Taguchi, G. C-Glycosyltransferases catalyzing the formation of di-C-glucosyl flavonoids in citrus plants. Plant J. 91 (2017) 187–198. [DOI] [PMID: 28370711]
[EC 2.4.1.360 created 2018]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.100     Relevance: 23.9%
Accepted name: chanoclavine-I aldehyde reductase
Reaction: dihydrochanoclavine-I aldehyde + NADP+ = chanoclavine-I aldehyde + NADPH + H+
For diagram of fumigaclavin alkaloid biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: chanoclavine-I aldehyde = (1E)-2-methyl-3-[(4R,5R)-4-(methylamino)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indol-5-yl]prop-2-enal
Other name(s): FgaOx3; easA (gene name)
Systematic name: chanoclavine-I aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FMN. The enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of fumigaclavine C, an ergot alkaloid produced by some fungi of the Trichocomaceae family. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of chanoclavine-I aldehyde to dihydrochanoclavine-I aldehyde. This hydrolyses spontaneously to form 6,8-dimethyl-6,7-didehydroergoline, which is converted to festuclavine by EC 1.5.1.44, festuclavine dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Coyle, C.M., Cheng, J.Z., O'Connor, S.E. and Panaccione, D.G. An old yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 3898–3903. [DOI] [PMID: 20435769]
2.  Cheng, J.Z., Coyle, C.M., Panaccione, D.G. and O'Connor, S.E. A role for Old Yellow Enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 1776–1777. [DOI] [PMID: 20102147]
3.  Wallwey, C., Matuschek, M., Xie, X.L. and Li, S.M. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: Conversion of chanoclavine-I aldehyde to festuclavine by the festuclavine synthase FgaFS in the presence of the old yellow enzyme FgaOx3. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8 (2010) 3500–3508. [DOI] [PMID: 20526482]
4.  Xie, X., Wallwey, C., Matuschek, M., Steinbach, K. and Li, S.M. Formyl migration product of chanoclavine-I aldehyde in the presence of the old yellow enzyme FgaOx3 from Aspergillus fumigatus: a NMR structure elucidation. Magn. Reson. Chem. 49 (2011) 678–681. [DOI] [PMID: 21898587]
[EC 1.3.1.100 created 2013]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.390     Relevance: 17.5%
Accepted name: gentamicin X2 methyltransferase
Reaction: gentamicin X2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + reduced acceptor = geneticin + 5′-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + oxidized acceptor (overall reaction)
(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cob(I)alamin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylcob(III)alamin
(1b) methylcob(III)alamin + gentamicin X2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cob(III)alamin + geneticin + 5′-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine
(1c) cob(III)alamin + reduced acceptor = cob(I)alamin + oxidized acceptor
Glossary: geneticin = G418 = (1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-{[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-β-L-arabinopyranosyl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,7-dideoxy-D-glycero-α-D-gluco-heptopyranoside
Other name(s): genK (gene name); gntK (gene name); gentamicin C-methyltransferase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:gentamicin X2 C6′-methyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, isolated from the bacterium Micromonospora echinospora, has a single [4Fe-4S] cluster per monomer. It is a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzyme with a methylcob(III)alamin cofactor. The enzyme uses two molecues of SAM for the reaction. One molecule forms a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical, while the other is used to methylate the cobalamin cofactor. It catalyses methylation of the 6′-carbon of gentamicin X2 (GenX2) to produce genetricin (G418) during the biosynthesis of gentamicins. The 6′-pro-R-hydrogen atom of GenX2 is stereoselectively abstracted by the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical and methylation occurs with retention of configuration at C6′. The regeneration of cob(I)alamin from cob(III)alamin is carried out with an as yet unidentified electron donor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Kim, J.Y., Suh, J.W., Kang, S.H., Phan, T.H., Park, S.H. and Kwon, H.J. Gene inactivation study of gntE reveals its role in the first step of pseudotrisaccharide modifications in gentamicin biosynthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 372 (2008) 730–734. [DOI] [PMID: 18533111]
2.  Hong, W. and Yan, L. Identification of gntK, a gene required for the methylation of purpurosamine C-6′ in gentamicin biosynthesis. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 58 (2012) 349–356. [DOI] [PMID: 23149679]
3.  Kim, H.J., McCarty, R.M., Ogasawara, Y., Liu, Y.N., Mansoorabadi, S.O., LeVieux, J. and Liu, H.W. GenK-catalyzed C-6′ methylation in the biosynthesis of gentamicin: isolation and characterization of a cobalamin-dependent radical SAM enzyme. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 8093–8096. [DOI] [PMID: 23679096]
4.  Kim, H.J., Liu, Y.N., McCarty, R.M. and Liu, H.W. Reaction Catalyzed by GenK, a Cobalamin-Dependent Radical S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Methyltransferase in the Biosynthetic Pathway of Gentamicin, Proceeds with Retention of Configuration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (2017) 16084–16087. [DOI] [PMID: 29091410]
[EC 2.1.1.390 created 2023]
 
 


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